Brief introduction of the magical Fujian tulou?

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Fujian tulou is a pearl of oriental civilization. It is famous for its long history, various types, grand scale, exquisite structure, complete functions and rich connotations. With high historical, artistic and scientific value, it is known as "the ancient oriental castle", "the architectural miracle of the world" and "the unique and mythical mountain architecture model in the world".

Folk houses with peculiar styles are scattered in Yongding, Wuping and Shanghang in western Fujian and Nanjing, Pinghe, Huaan and Zhangpu in southwestern Fujian. Its modeling, decoration and construction technology are rare in the world, and the earth building is commonly called "raw earth building". Because most of them were built by Hakka people in Fujian, they are also called "Hakka Tulou". It is made of raw soil as the main building material, mixed with fine sand, lime, glutinous rice, brown sugar, bamboo chips, wood strips and so on. After repeated kneading, frying and squeezing. The roof is covered with fireproof tiles, which can be used for a long time. Tulou can be as high as four or five stories, so that three or four generations can live in the same building.

The 46 Fujian earth buildings that have become world cultural heritage are composed of 6 groups and 4 floors, including Chuxi Earth Building in Yongding County, Hongkeng Earth Building in Fujian Province, Tianluokeng Earth Building in Nanjing County and Hekeng Earth Building in Hua 'an County. They are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of western and southern Fujian, and are famous for their unique architectural style and long history and culture. It is not only the most common round tulou, but also the square tulou and the top tulou, covering the complete architectural style of tulou.

Fujian tulou is a unique large-scale rammed earth residential building in mountainous areas in the world, and it is a creative masterpiece of adobe architecture. Fujian Tulou originated in Song and Yuan Dynasties and matured in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China. The oldest and youngest world heritage earth buildings are located in Chuxi earth buildings. Qing Ji Tower with a diameter of 66 meters has a history of 600 years, while Shanqing Tower with a diameter of 3 1 meter has a history of only 30 years. The formation of Fujian Tulou is related to several famous Han immigrants from the Central Plains in history. During the Yongjia period of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, in the 4th century, there were frequent wars and natural disasters in the north, and the local people moved southward on a large scale, which opened the prelude to the continuous migration of Han people from the Central Plains to Fujian for thousands of years. The immigrants from the Central Plains who entered southern Fujian merged with local residents, forming the Fulao nationality with Minnan dialect as its characteristic. The Han nationality in the Central Plains who migrated from Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province to the mountainous areas in western Fujian Province constitutes another important ethnic group in Fujian-the Hakka ethnic group characterized by Hakka dialect.

Fujian Tulou is located in Nanshan District in the west of Fujian Province, where Fulao and Hakka meet. The terrain is steep and sparsely populated. At that time, wild animals appeared and bandits were everywhere. Living in groups is not only the requirement of the deep-rooted Confucian traditional concept in the Central Plains, but also the realistic need to gather strength and resist foreign enemies. Fujian tulou is built on the mountain with reasonable layout. It absorbs the "Feng Shui" concept of traditional architectural planning in China, adapts to the living and defense requirements of people living together, and skillfully uses the narrow flat land in mountainous areas and local building materials such as raw soil, wood and pebbles. It is a self-contained, economical, strong and defensive high-rise building type with great aesthetic feeling. These unique residential buildings in mountainous areas have pushed the long-standing rammed earth technology to the extreme.

According to historical records, an earthquake of magnitude 7 cracked the wall of Yongding Huanji Building by 20 cm, but it was able to reorganize itself. This shows the tenacity of tulou.

"Tulou is an original ecological green building," Huang said. Tulou is warm in winter and cool in summer, with local materials and recycling, which fully embodies the "latest concept and highest realm" of green building pursued by people today in the most primitive form. "The construction of a new generation of green earth buildings should be highly valued."

Fujian tulou, where many people live together, is a small and colorful society. There are 384 rooms in the Qilou of Yongding City, and more than 800 people lived at most. "Earth buildings are the most useful for building a harmonious society," said Xu Songsheng. Living in an earth building, everyone will help each other in everything, and the neighborhood relationship is very harmonious. "If children are filial, they will have a good reputation, study well, criticize badly and play an educational role."

Fujian tulou has many perfect defense functions. Its outer wall is one to two meters thick, and there are no windows on the first and second floors. As long as the only solid door is closed, the earth building will become an indestructible fortress. In order to prevent fire attack, the door is equipped with water leakage and sand leakage devices, and residents in the downstairs can escape from underground pipes in case of emergency. Today's tulou is no longer a fortress, but those complete and exquisite defense facilities are still surprising. The heavy earth buildings in Fujian bear the heavy traditional culture. Thought-provoking couplets, private schools with buildings, and murals that educate and educate people all stir up the ideal of "self-cultivation and family harmony" and the pursuit of "perfection". Sincerity Building has a sub-name association, which is highly respected: when you cheer up, you have no leisure, when you are young, when you are strong, when you are old, you must work hard; Becoming famous is not easy. Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world should be concerned.

On July 6th, 2008, at the 32nd World Heritage Conference held in Quebec City, China "Fujian Tulou" was officially listed in the World Heritage List.