Who destroyed the northeast heavy industry base in China?

The outline of Chinese territory is like a rooster, and the three northeastern provinces are just in the key position of the rooster's head. In the fifties and eighties of last century, the three northeastern provinces coincided with the geographical location of their heavy industry production, and the northeast once had a brilliant yesterday.

Creating the Cradle of Big Industry in the First Five-Year Plan

Northeast China has a history of large-scale machinery industry of nearly one hundred years. In the early 1930s, the Japanese and Puppet ruled the Northeast, and out of the need of war, they implemented the policy of "industrial development" in the Northeast, which objectively made the Northeast industry develop to a certain extent. 1945 Before Japan surrendered, there were 13 12 machine tools. The total number of employees in various industries is about 6.5438+0.27 million. These legacy industries have long established the position of Northeast China as the center of heavy industry in China. In the late 1940s and the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, relying on the geographical conditions adjacent to the Soviet Union, the planned economy system was first introduced into Northeast China, which became the key area for launching the first round of industrial revolution with heavy industry as the main component after the founding of New China. During the first five-year plan period (1953- 1957), the central government placed 58 of the 156 key projects in the northeast. During this period, the state only invested in Liaoning industry, accounting for 18.5% of the total industrial investment in the same period. Through concentrated investment, the "cradle of China's new industry" focusing on energy, raw materials and equipment manufacturing has been established in the three northeastern provinces, and a northeast industrial system focusing on energy and heavy chemical industry has been formed.

"Detroit of the East" was born

At that time, the northeast industrial base was second to none in the country. Northeast China is the rise of new China industry, which has hatched countless wonders. The first hot molten steel gushed out, the first jet fighter flew into the sky, the first 10,000-ton ship entered the sea, the first deep-sea robot explored the ocean, and the first software park. Countless new China firsts have risen from Ran Ran. 1July, 956, Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory was officially completed and put into production, and the first domestic automobile rolled off the assembly line. Since then, Changchun has become the center of China's automobile industry. Before Toyota, Nissan, Honda and other automobile giants appeared in Japan, Changchun FAW was the boss of Asian automobile industry at that time.

In iron and steel industry, from 1952 to 1953+0 1, Angang's large-scale rolling mill, seamless steel pipe factory and No.7 automatic ironmaking furnace were built one after another. The company's thin plate plant and the second blooming plant were also completed and put into operation in 1954 and 1956 respectively. In addition, Beiman Iron and Steel Plant and Benxi Iron and Steel Company were basically completed. Liaoning's iron and steel industry has become the basic industry of China's heavy industry.

At the end of 1950s, Northeast China mastered the most advanced heavy industry technology at that time and was able to design some large-scale projects with complex technology. Such as an iron and steel complex with an annual output of 6.5438+500,000 tons of steel and a coal mine with an annual output of 2.4 million tons of coal.

The oil "blood bank" has supported China for half a century.

The second climax of industrial construction in Northeast China was the oil conference in the early 1960s. In the late 1950s, Daqing Oilfield was discovered in Songliao Basin, Heilongjiang Province, and the central government decided to deploy troops and launch a large-scale oil war. Tens of thousands of oil workers from northwest and north China marched into the wasteland in the hinterland of Songliao Plain and launched a vigorous oil conference. 1960 April 14, the first oil well in Daqing was drilled, and crude oil was quickly ejected. Daqing petroleum base was gradually built.

In the following 40 years, Daqing produced more than 65.438+0.7 billion tons of crude oil, nearly half of the total onshore crude oil output in China, creating a record of stable production of more than 50 million tons for 27 consecutive years, which is a miracle in the development history of similar oil fields in the world. Daqing has become the "blood bank" of China's economy, supporting the industrialization process of China for nearly half a century. When the exploration and development achievements of the anniversary oilfield were recorded in the history of China's scientific and technological development together with "two bombs and one satellite", the anniversary also paid the state a tax of 406,654.38 billion yuan, which was 87 times of the total investment of the state. Bear the crude oil price difference of 41900 million yuan, and earn foreign exchange by export of 49.5 billion US dollars.

For decades, the old industrial base in Northeast China has made historic contributions to China's economic development and industrialization process, and cast the brilliance of China. In Liaoning province alone, from 1953 to 1994, the whole province paid 323.4 billion yuan to the central government, accounting for 7 1.5% of the regional fiscal revenue in the same period.

Passion burns and heroes come forth in large numbers.

In those glorious years, countless resounding names were associated with the Northeast. Although their origin may not be in the Northeast, they are all giants of the times who grew up in the Northeast, such as Wang Jinxi, Lei Feng, Meng Tai ... and some names familiar to China people-Angang, First Automobile Factory, changchun film studio, Daqing Oilfield, Shen Fei, Harbin Institute of Technology and so on; In addition, there are countless backbone factories that manufacture all kinds of large-scale industrial equipment. Daqing oil, Fushun coal and Angang steel are exported to all parts of the country continuously, which is the blood of China industry in those days. Thirty years ago, Wang Jinxi was the most famous person in Northeast China, even Yang Zirong in "Taking Tiger Mountain Outward". Yang Zirong's position in people's minds at that time far surpassed that of any popular movie star now. The Northeast Corps was also famous among the young people at that time. Today, many entrepreneurs in China are soldiers of the Northeast Corps.

Why did the Northeast become like this?

Was it just an accident? Why can't it get worse? What is certain now is that the "backwardness" and "non-industrialization" of the whole Northeast are not accidental, but something intangible is at work. If you don't want to be confused by any lies and excuses, please read on!

Let's take a look at People's Republic of China (PRC) when it was just founded. If you read any literature about industry and industrial layout published by the central government at that time, you will recall the sentence "China's industry is mainly concentrated in Shanghai and confined to one place". What does this "confined to one place" mean? The central government is even too lazy to solve the northeast problem! There is no doubt that Shanghai is the base of light industry, accounting for about 35% of the national light industry output.

At that time, Northeast China, Liaoning to be exact, covered nearly 70% of the national heavy industry output at that time! Among them, the main products related to international people's livelihood: steel, refined oil, electricity, machine tools, military industry is as high as 80% or more! Even though raw coal is an industry where manual labor prevails in customs, Liaoning still accounts for 55% (because there are Fushun and Fuxin, two open-pit coal mines that were unparalleled in Asia at that time).

Today, some people always say that Wuhan, Qingdao, Tianjin and even Chongqing and Taiyuan are "old industrial bases", which is really ironic. You're welcome to say that compared with the heavy industry bases in central Liaoning, these cities are not worthy of being called industrial bases at all, but can only be called "handicraft bases" at most. At that time, Gao Gang, the chairman of Northeast China, was very good. Why? Qualification is always on the one hand, mainly strength. Chairman Mao marched in Beijing, he marched in Shenyang, and then what did the masses show? Beijing people take out cotton and wheat, Shenyang people take out trains and machine tools! You are interested in reading the memoirs of the old general. How many people have traveled all over the country for years? "I didn't know what industry was until I saw a piece of high-voltage power grid and dense railways in Nanman." Here we must also mention a city-Dalian, which is the strategic base of Japanese in China, with good infrastructure and better industrial base than Chuanqi and Hiroshima.

When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, Dalian was the largest and best-preserved heavy chemical industrial base in China, so I won't say why. As for Dalian's contribution, there is a historical injustice that needs to be corrected. You may still remember what a marshal said after the Huaihai Campaign: The Huaihai Campaign was launched with trolleys. But the original words in history are: the victory of Huaihai Campaign depended on the small carts in Shandong and the big shells in Dalian. The "Dalian cannonball" here refers to the products of Dalian Lixin Factory, the first military factory in China at that time. This factory was later "Dalian 523 Factory", and its first director was Wu Yunduo. Why did someone delete the last sentence later? Just because the leader said, "Xinjiang and Northeast China are still two colonies"? Please see for yourself! !

There is no doubt that the top level of the central government is also very aware of the importance of the Northeast, otherwise there will be no "as long as we have a solid base area in the Northeast, even if we lose all the existing base areas, the China Revolution will have a successful foundation (forgive me! May not be accurate) "In this case, the northeast people not only shoulder the heavy responsibility of liberating China, the soldiers in front are bleeding, but the people in the rear are desperately. Have you ever thought, if it weren't for the dense railway network in southern Liaoning, how could the materials in front be delivered without any mistakes? Compare the anti-American aid to Vietnam since then, how big is the gap! But what makes people angry is that even these things have been distorted today, and it is Sichuanese and Shandong people who shed blood (today, some people even write nonsense like Hunan people, which is shameless! ), mass production is in Shanghai! Strange, isn't part of China's elite army made up of Northeast soldiers? Isn't this the case with the strategic materials of tens of thousands of railway cars produced by industrial bases in central Liaoning? Is this blatant distortion too shameless?

Let's talk about the construction period after the founding of the People's Republic of China. I have carefully studied my grandfather's "Outline of the First Five-Year Plan" (a yellow pamphlet bitten by rats). The central meaning of industrial construction is actually only eight words: "improve one, cast a wide net". The core sentence is "build and improve the northeast industrial base centered on Angang joint venture, so that it can effectively support the industrial construction of the whole country!" Here, the first half is the means and the second half is the purpose. Unfortunately, this "purpose" has lasted for fifty years! ! ! Please note that in the era of planned economy, the export of products in Northeast China is essentially different from the "wide goods going north" in the 1980s and 1990s, which is called "deployment". The so-called "deployment" is free support. If sold, the annual output has exceeded 50 million tons, which has been stable for 20 years. Didn't Daqing, with a population of only 800,000, become Kuwait long ago? As high as 89% products are distributed to the customs free of charge every year in Shenyang, the center of mechanical and electrical products in China! Some people say that Shenyang is the eldest son of Heguo Industry. I think we should call a nanny! For a long time, Angang's large-scale factory was the only factory in China that could produce heavy rails, but think about it, readers. How many kilometers of railways have been built in Northeast China since the founding of the People's Republic of China? Even the Gouhai Line built in the 1970s was built by Liaoning Province itself! Without the selfless dedication of Northeast China, how could there be the golden age of railway construction in China in 1960s? In fact, it is not just a product.

In the 1960s, Liaoning undertook the most important task of supporting the construction of the "Big Third Line". More than 30% of the technical and management backbones were transferred to the west, and many even moved the whole factories and mines. Today, most factories, mines, military enterprises, bases and even the whole factories and mines in Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Gansu and Hubei belong to Shenyang and Dalian. Gobi desert, they are even anonymous, and they are not known when they die (a friend of my father's when he was young worked in a place called Jinchuan or Jinchang, and his family didn't know until six years after his death). &; The people of Northeast China have made such contributions to the country, but what have they got? If nothing else, I think you still remember "Chen Sanliang"? The country's largest industrial base, people who have made countless contributions, each person only has three or two oils to eat every year! Is it because soybean oil is not produced in Northeast China? No, soybean production in Northeast China accounts for 44-57% of the whole country (1962-1977). Do people all over the country only eat three or two oils? No, Beijing's per capita ratio is 6.67 times that of the Northeast, but it doesn't produce oil! If young people are interested, they can ask anyone over 40 years old what a terrible time it was. A student of the author's grandmother took a little responsibility in the locomotive depot of Goubangzi, and now she is full of anger in retrospect: during the three-year natural disaster, the situation in Northeast China was not good, but because of the big granaries in Jilin and Heilongjiang, she could barely maintain it. But there are instructions for distributing rations and entering the customs. That's human life! If it weren't for the good natural foundation and abundant food endowed by nature in Northeast China, such a drastic measure would have caused human suffering in Northeast China. Today, someone posted that fewer people died in natural disasters in Northeast China in the past three years because Premier Zhou took food from the Soviet Union, which is sheer nonsense! In fact, such free distribution not only breeds laziness and dependence, but more importantly encourages treachery and sophistry! Today, so many people go online to scold the northeast people. Do they ever remember that their parents and grandparents lived on that mouthful of northeast rice? How can you be so ungrateful! Today, people over the age of 40 should still remember the scene of Northeasters rushing to Beijing in the 1970 s, saying, "The pork has even been carried back!" Here's a problem. Why can industrial products in Northeast China be allocated to the customs free of charge, while agricultural and sideline products of the customs cannot be allocated to Northeast China free of charge? But let the Northeast People's Congress go all the way to Beijing to buy it? Are there any problems such as capital outflow?

If people in Northeast China were just "suffering" before 1980s, they are "enjoying" the bitter fruit after the reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up, Chairman Deng drew several circles in the South China Sea, setting up windows and experimental fields. Of course, there are risks that need to be shared by large financial households, of which Northeast China is the main force. In the early 1980s, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Shanghai. Here, I want to clarify a fact. It has always been claimed and believed that Shanghai paid the most taxes for the country in the 1980s. This is actually wrong. The real first place is Liaoning Province. The problem is that Shanghai has paid taxes to the country as a whole, and Liaoning Province has also been divided into several so-called units with separate plans: Shenyang, Dalian, Angang and Liaohe Oilfield ... The most typical example is 1988, which ranks among the top ten taxpayers in China. Are the three northeastern provinces, which account for less than one tenth of the country's total population, bleeding excessively? ! In fact, it is not unreasonable to pay taxes in proportion, but the problem lies in its unfairness. At this time, Guangdong's gross national product has reached 70% of Liaoning's, but the amount of tax paid can only be described as "shocking". Fujian and Zhejiang (it must be mentioned here that Jiangsu is an exception to the southeast, and its economy has been good. At this time, the northeast has shown a lack of development stamina, which is manifested in: aging industrial equipment, backward technology, too little profit for enterprises, and a shortage of funds for self-development (of course, these are all relative to the whole country). ! .

In order to complete the heavy annual task, the Northeast Industrial Base missed the opportunity to upgrade its industrial field in the late 1980s! Is this unintentional? No! People who engage in high-level economy know it well. For example, Angang is the leader in the steel industry, and its annual profits and taxes are 3.5 times that of WISCO and 6 .5 times that of Shougang. However, its annual profit is only more than 30 million yuan, ranking seventh among the top ten steel mills in the Ministry of Metallurgy, only a little higher than Jiugang and Shuigang, and even a fraction of Shougang is not enough! In the words of the planning department of Angang, the minimum daily liquidity line is not enough! "。 These are facts that cannot be changed. If readers are interested, you can refer to the yearbook published by the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry that year, and you will understand what is unfair and what is squeezing! In the early 1990s, when Angang was in the most difficult time, even the money for buying coal was donated by all employees, but the task given by the state was not relaxed at all. At the same time, Shougang did return the profits and taxes in full, and the state loans were too many to stop. Building a big blast furnace and buying a big iron mine is a great sight! More examples occurred in Tiexi District, Shenyang, so I won't go into details here. If readers are interested, they can refer to Liaoning Economic Information Daily published in 1986-89, which is more comprehensive and I believe it will be more convincing.

After his southern tour in the early 1990s, Chairman Deng said: Reform and opening up left Shanghai behind, and now it is time for great development. At this time, Chen Yun's power has declined, and its control over Shanghai has failed. Shanghai has obtained all kinds of preferential policies that it may not even dare to think about, and it has developed greatly. At this time, in the words of economics, "Northeast China is still bound by the planned economy". It is not difficult to see how effective the central economic policy is! * * * and the eldest son of industry was ruthlessly abolished! At this time, the term "Northeast Phenomenon" appeared for the first time in China. Regarding the understanding of this term, I clearly remember 19921February, a reporter who read and sold newspapers said that "the central government's policy toward Manchuria is discriminatory". The author didn't miss a word of this sentence, and he didn't say a word wrong at the same time. Impose heavy taxes on a declining region and try to stop its development. Where is the conscience? The statistical analysis of 200 1 year shows that Liaoning province ranks fourth in the national social development level ranking, ranking first in all provinces and regions, and Jilin and Heilongjiang are also in the top ten. However, this level of development can not bring us income gains. The income of backward areas such as Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and even Hebei and Hubei ranks ahead of us. Why? If Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu are the first regions to take off, then Beijing, Shanghai and Guangxi are the second. So, can Northeast China become the third? The answer is no, because the central government's eyes have turned to the west, Chongqing, Sichuan, Gansu and Xinjiang ... the northeast has been thrown into the garbage dump of history. This time, it may be fatal.

However, this is exactly what some people want to see. Interested readers can turn to the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, in which the part about regional economic layout has defined the future of economic development in Northeast China: ... A complete raw material base determines the development direction of big agriculture! See how vicious the intention is, never talk about the word "work". Perhaps "developing" an industrial zone into an agricultural zone is the guiding ideology of this Outline.

From this, I thought of the guiding ideology of British colonists for India's development: deindustrialization. Yes, non-industrialization! ! ! To paraphrase a German saying, "We (Northeasters) will always produce coal and crude oil for them (Southerners), provide wood, soybeans and grains, and be their slaves from generation to generation! The German people are happy, with an iron chancellor, an opportunity for free development and no heavy shackles around their necks. What about the northeast people? Today, my friends, when you work hard for the salary of 200 yuan to 300 yuan, when your elderly father scrimps and saves for the glass of wine at dinner, when your white-haired mother has to walk home on a cold snowy night, when your brothers are struggling to earn a little money in the ice and snow, when your children are shivering in a room without heating, when your friends work hard for money, when your beloved team has to perform in a foreign country or even be beaten.