Unit 2 composition in the second volume of the sixth grade. Note: Write a reward of 50 for Hakka! ! ! Come on! ! !

The name "Hakka" originated from a large-scale struggle between ethnic groups and aborigines in the Qing Dynasty. It was given to Hakkas by the "Guangfu family" in Jiangmen area of western Guangdong (called Siyi) at that time, and it was a nickname. What he called "Hakka" was widely known because of Luo Xianglin's Hakka theory, and gradually became the name of the ethnic group. Many people began to accept it and called themselves Hakkas. However, some people have not accepted this term. For example, in some counties of Ganzhou, southeastern Guangxi and western Guangdong, people who speak the same language call themselves "elegant people". In Taiwan Province Province, the Qing Dynasty and the Japanese occupation period distinguished the ancestors of Guangdong and Fujian, and listed the Hakka people in Fujian as "Fujian; But now everyone has accepted the name "Hakka". We are with the Hakka whose ancestors are Cantonese, regardless of you and me. Another view is as follows: Hakkas call themselves "Hakkas", which is a kind of respect for each other and a kind of contempt for themselves, showing the tradition of Hakka hospitality.

The recent Hakka conference

Hakka165438+1October 18. In 2004, the 19th World Hakka Family Congress was successfully held in Ganzhou, Jiangxi, from 22 countries and regions such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and the United States, as well as inland provinces and cities such as Henan, Sichuan, Guangdong and Fujian. Over the past 1000 years, they have migrated from the Central Plains, covering more than half of China and overseas. 2010165438+129 October, the World Hakka Congress will be held in Heyuan City, Guangdong Province.

Edit this Hakka culture

Hakka people are very United and cooperative, living in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi areas of Chinese mainland, so they have a strong mountain culture. Hakkas are also called "people on the mountain". Hakkas are also called "Oriental Jews" because they travel around the world, emigrate to the world and have many successful people in overseas business circles. Some people say: where there is sunshine, there is Hakka; Where there is a piece of land, there are Hakkas who live in groups, work hard and reproduce.

Hakka catering

The drinking and diet of Hakkas are the same or basically the same as those in other areas of Han nationality, and the food culture is also unique due to the unique geographical conditions and historical background. The formation of the characteristics of Hakka cuisine has a great relationship with the living environment and living standards of Hakka people. In the early days, Hakkas lived in areas with high mountains, high water and cool, the ground was wet and foggy, and their diet should be warm or not. Therefore, they use frying more and eat less raw and cold, which is more prominent in the use of spicy food. The characteristics of dishes are "fresh, fragrant and mellow". You have to climb mountains when you go out. Hard production conditions, long working hours and high intensity. You need more fat and salt to supplement a lot of heat energy. The diet is good at cooking delicacies and game, slightly salty and oily. In areas where people live in concentrated communities, long-term immigration and economic development have fallen behind. Hakka people have a hard life, so they use local materials and prepare food that can be eaten and kept, such as pickles, dried vegetables and dried radishes. Sweet potato rice can be used to suppress flatulence at home, and wild vegetables can be used to satisfy hunger when going out, forming the characteristics of "salty, cooked and aged".

Hakka wine custom

Hakka people are very hospitable. Whenever relatives and friends come, they like to treat them with their own brewed rice wine, also called "water wine". If it is distilled from the first altar, it is called "nine niang". This kind of "wine girl" is delicious, although the degree is not high, but it has great stamina and is easy to intoxicate. When they drink, they pay great attention to etiquette. Hakkas like to use the Eight Immortals Table, commonly known as the Eight Immortals Table, which is a wooden table for eight people to sit together. When seated, they attach great importance to the arrangement of seats, and generally sit in the order of their relatives and friends. The size of the banquet hall is arranged in this way. For example, there is only one table in the main hall. At this time, the left side facing the gate is the first, and the right side is the second. Then from left to right, the preface is interspersed, and the right side facing the main hall is the smallest. If two tables are arranged, the table on the left is big, the table on the right is small and the seats are staggered. If three tables are arranged, it is called "first class". In this case, the chief is respected. If five tables are arranged, the general arrangement is "plum blossom seats". When you pour wine for the first time between banquets (also called wine screening), you should pour wine first in the order of generations, and then pour wine for yourself. After pouring wine, don't point the hip flask at the guests, but at yourself, otherwise it's impolite. When toasting, the toaster should stand up, press his chest with his left hand (showing respect and sincerity), raise his glass with his right hand and say a few auspicious words, and take a sip first to show respect. If someone is late, they will be fined 1-3 drinks, and half a cup for ladies. If you leave halfway, you have to drink 1-3 cups to leave. When drinking, Hakkas have the custom of guessing boxing to increase the fun and excitement of various banquet occasions, whether vulgar, elegant, simple or complicated. There are also some rules when guessing boxing. For example, you can't play with your thumb, middle finger and index finger at three o'clock. After a while, the thumb should be sideways, not upturned. When playing the second game, if you use your thumb and forefinger, you should play sideways. You can't point your index finger at each other as polite as a light mauser gun. Hakkas' drinking orders are very learned. The number of guesses ranges from zero to ten. If you guess the total number of fingers made by both sides, you are the winner. If both parties guess or fail at the same time, they also use the name of "four characters". If they guess "one", it is called "one product promotion"; When guessing "two", it is called "two families are reconciled"; When guessing "three", it is called "Samsung is shining high"; When guessing "four", it is called "getting rich in four seasons"; When guessing "five", it is called "five-child test"; When guessing "six", it is called "six six goes smoothly"; When guessing "seven", it is called "seven clever pictures"; When guessing "Eight", it is called "Eight Immortals' Birthday"; When guessing "nine", it is called "nine long"; When you guess "ten", it's called "perfect". So it's auspicious. Hakka's wine list is varied, and educated people like "word list" (including local specialty list, agricultural proverb list, etc. ), "Shi Ling" and "your legend" (most of them are ingenious and involve interest, which makes people laugh. ), including speculation. Hakka people like to use wine rules, a popular entertainment game, to increase their spirits and eliminate loneliness and drowsiness until they get drunk.

Edit this section of Hakka four states.

The four Hakka States are Meizhou, Huizhou, Tingzhou and Ganzhou. The stone wall in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and the "stone wall" is called "Hakka ancestral land". Meizhou is called "Hakka Capital of the World" because it is the most important residential area of Hakka people.

Meizhou

Originally known as Meizhou, it was later changed to Jiaying and Yi 'an, and in 1988 it was changed to Meizhou again, covering six counties and one city in Meixian, Jiaoling, Wuhua, Tai Po, Pingyuan, Fengshun, xingning city and Meijiang District.

1 area is the most important distribution center and settlement of Hakkas. Beautiful mountains and rivers, rich resources and simple folk customs, there are more than 3 million overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan living in more than 70 countries and regions in the world. Known as the "guest capital of the world", it enjoys the reputation of "hometown of culture, hometown of overseas Chinese and hometown of football". At the same time, it also enjoys the reputation of "hometown of folk songs, hometown of golden pomelo, hometown of Hakka cuisine and hometown of Dan Cong tea". Meizhou is also a national historical and cultural city, an excellent tourist city in China, the best destination in go on road trip, China, the top ten safest cities in China, the top ten green environmental protection symbol cities in China, and the first livable urban and rural demonstration city in Guangdong. Meizhou has hosted the World Hakka Congress and the World Hakka Friendship Association, and successfully held the first World Merchants Congress in 2009 in Meizhou from June 5, 2009 to 2009 10. In the future, the World Merchants Conference will be held in Meizhou every two years. Because it is the most important distribution center and settlement of Hakka people, its popularity ranks first among the "four Hakka States".

Huizhou

Huizhou Prefecture is also the second hometown of overseas Chinese of Hakka, and now it governs Huicheng District, Huiyang District, Boluo County, Huidong County and Longmen County. For overseas Chinese of Hakka origin, "Huizhou" is the overseas Hakka in Huizhou.

Its popularity in the world is second only to Meizhou, the Hakka capital, but it ranks first among the four Hakka states in terms of economic development. In addition, there is a unique dialect (Huizhou dialect/Huicheng dialect) which is still controversial in the original Huizhou Fucheng. As one of the four Hakka state capitals, Huizhou Prefecture is not only one of the symbols of Hakka overseas Chinese culture, but also one of the symbols of Hakka marine culture. Although Huizhou is not a pure Hakka area, Huizhou culture has become an important part of the Hakka cultural system due to the spread, gathering and reproduction of Hakka people.

Tingzhou

Tingzhou Prefecture is a famous Hakka ancestral home, and most of the Hakkas in China can be traced back to Ninghua County as their ancestral home. The overseas Chinese in Tingzhou Prefecture are the most native in Yongding County. Unfortunately, "Tingzhou" has now become a historical term. The former counties in Tingzhou area are now managed by Sanming City and Longyan City respectively. Therefore, it is a sense of time and space confusion to call "Tingzhou" and Huizhou, Meizhou and Ganzhou as the four Hakka States.

Ganzhou

Ganzhou, like Huizhou, is a place name that has been inherited from the immigration period and reality. But Ganzhou Prefecture is the source of eighteen counties.

There are many overseas Chinese, but few, and their popularity abroad is far lower than that of Huizhou Prefecture. Another similarity between Ganzhou Prefecture and Huizhou Prefecture is that it is not a pure Hakka area, but mainly consists of three different dialects, including local dialect (old Hakka dialect), Guanglao dialect (new Hakka dialect) and Fucheng dialect (southwest mandarin). Ganzhou area is known as the first hotbed of Hakka people and the cradle of Hakka culture.