About the camp (Hangyuan) and the appeasement office?

Open classification: institutions

Hangyuan is the name of a first-class institution.

At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the command organization of the National Revolutionary Army was based on the headquarters-theater corps-group army (corps, railway)-army-division-brigade-regiment, and reached the level of ***8 tactical units; After 1940, it was simplified to headquarters-theater-group army-army-division-regiment, and a six-level command organization; This has greatly improved the combat command ability of the troops. However, after the Anti-Japanese War, in order to take care of non-combat tasks such as seniority and seizing territory, the Kuomintang expanded its command structure to eight levels: headquarters-battalion (battalion)-appeasement office (war zone)-appeasement area-corps/integrated army-army (integrated division)-division (integrated brigade)-regiment.

The director of the appeasement office is equivalent to the secretary of the municipal party Committee of the provincial capital city and the director of the political department of the military region (bureau (department) level)

Director Xingyuan is the superior director of the appeasement office, equivalent to the current provincial party secretary.

The word appeasement has existed in China since ancient times. At first, it meant appeasing and maintaining local peace. I think Chamberlain's appeasement policy was not derogatory at first, so translation is just a general free translation. Only the final effect proved the failure of appeasement, and later it was extended to do some behaviors that violated reason and principle for peace, and even there was irrational connivance in this behavior.

Sui: stability and appeasement. Shi Heng: "Sui Wanbang." "The History of the Three Kingdoms, Xue Zongchuan": "Suibian caresses children and grandchildren."

To: stability. Shu Wuyi: "Jiajing Yinbang."

Suide and Jingyuan, like Zhennan and Peiping, are just auspicious words.

If the landlord has a reference book such as Ci Yuan Ci Hai, you can check the specific source, probably in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.

At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the command organization of the National Revolutionary Army was based on the headquarters-theater corps-group army (corps, railway)-army-division-brigade-regiment, and reached the level of ***8 tactical units; After 1940, it was simplified to headquarters-theater-group army-army-division-regiment, and a six-level command organization; This has greatly improved the combat command ability of the troops. However, after the Anti-Japanese War, in order to take care of non-combat tasks such as seniority and seizing territory, the Kuomintang expanded its command organization to eight levels: headquarters-battalion (battalion)-appeasement office (war zone)-appeasement area-corps/integrated army-army (integrated division)-division (integrated brigade)-regiment, which inevitably led to a large number of overlapping institutions and overstaffed personnel. From the highest headquarters to the most basic tactical units, it often happens that superiors exceed their powers and subordinates disobey orders, which seriously affects their combat effectiveness.

Since the "September 18th Incident" in 193 1, Japanese imperialism has continuously occupied our territory and fostered many puppet regimes as tools of indirect rule. In order to rule, these puppet regimes often change the administrative divisions of the areas under their jurisdiction. With the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the rout of the puppet troops, the established administrative divisions are often buried in their old books. The author here briefly introduces the administrative division system and organizational system of the Japanese puppet government. The following will introduce the puppet regime.

First, the puppet Manchukuo

1February, 932 16 When the puppet Manchukuo declared independence in the name of "Northeast Administrative Committee" at the beginning, it followed the structure of the Northeast Administrative Committee of the former National Government, retained the organizational system of the four provinces of Fengtian (former Liaoning Province), Jilin, Heilongjiang and Jehol, renamed the former Shenyang as Fengtian City, and added a special city of Changchun, all of which were directly under the puppet government. Later, the East Special Zone was renamed as Beiman Special Zone, and the Xing 'an Special Zone was changed to Xing 'an Province, consisting of three provinces: East, North and South. The northern part of Jehol Province was incorporated into Xing 'an Province as the western part of Xing 'an Province. With the rule of Puyi, the former emperor of Qing Dynasty, as the "Manchu Emperor", the puppet Manchukuo completely changed its administrative region into fourteen provinces and two special cities on 1934 1 October1day. Among them, according to the different administrative organs of Manchukuo, it can be divided into the Ministry of Civil Affairs (later changed to the Bureau of Internal Affairs; Later, it was merged into the General Affairs Department and changed to a local office), namely, Fengtian, Jinzhou, Binjiang, Anton, Kendo, Heihe, Sanjiang, Longjiang, Jilin, Jehol, Xinjing (renamed Changchun) and Harbin, and the four provinces of Xing 'an East, Xing 'an West, Xing 'an Annan and Xing 'an North under the jurisdiction of the Mongolian Political Department (later renamed Mongolian Political Bureau and later renamed Xing 'an Bureau). Then 1937 increased Mudanjiang and Tonghua, 1939 increased Dong 'an and Bei 'an, 194 1 year increased Siping and other five provinces, 1937 reduced Harbin from a special city to an ordinary city. A total of 19 provinces and one special city.

The puppet Manchukuo set up offices in provinces, counties and banners, all of which were local governments at the first level, but the county office under Heihe Province was only the agency of the provincial office. Special cities and ordinary cities set up municipal governments to manage municipal affairs, while Hailar and Manzhouli only set up municipal management offices. Counties are composed of "streets" and "villages", among which "streets" are positioned as quasi-cities, and Siping City is a famous example of upgrading from streets to cities.

In order to consolidate the border security of the Puppet Manchukuo and manage ethnic minority areas, the Puppet Manchukuo established a general province at or above the provincial level on1September, 944 1 1. One is to merge the four provinces of Xing 'an East, Xing 'an West, Xing 'an Annan and Xing 'an North under the jurisdiction of Xing 'an Bureau into Xing 'an General Province, and the other three provinces of Mudanjiang, Dong 'an and Kendo into Dongman General Province, and set up a general provincial administration office. After the establishment of Xing 'an General Province, except Xing 'an North Province, the other three provinces, Anton, Xing 'an West and Xing 'an Annan, were all reorganized into regions and set up regional offices for governance. Dongman General Province revoked Mudanjiang Province, which was directly under the jurisdiction of the former Mudanjiang Province, and retained the organizational system of Dong 'an Province and Kendo Province. At the same time, it is divided into five administrative agreement areas and regional administrative agreement meetings are set up. Except general provinces, other 12 provinces are divided into three regions.

Among the general provinces established by the Puppet Manchukuo, Xing 'an General Province can be said to be an autonomous region of Mongols, while Dongman General Province is planned as a "settlement" for Japanese and Koreans. In addition to Kendo Province, which was originally inhabited by Koreans, Dong 'an Province and Mudanjiang Province all moved into Japanese immigrants in a planned way. Because both provinces have specific tasks, their position as governor-general is slightly higher than that of governor-general. 1May, 945, Dongman General Province was divided into Dongman Province and Kendo Province. On June 1 of the same year, the administrative authority system was implemented, and the central provinces in the four administrative agreement areas of Fengtian, Dongman, Jilin and Binjiang gained the power of other provinces in the command area.

With the Japanese defeat and surrender, China recovered the Northeast. Because the puppet Manchukuo ruled for a long time, in order to avoid too much influence, and through the experiment of "reducing provinces and districts", the National Government restored the original jurisdiction outside Jehol Province, and in principle merged the two provinces of the puppet Manchukuo into one province. Fengtian and Jinzhou were merged into Liaoning Province, Anton and Tonghua into Anton Province, Siping and Xing 'an South Province into Northern Liaoning Province, Jilin and Kendo into Jilin Province, Mudanjiang and Binjiang into Songjiang Province, Sanjiang and Dong 'an into Hejiang Province, Bei 'an and Heihe into Heilongjiang Province, Longjiang Province into Nenjiang Province, Xing 'an East Province and Xing 'an North Province into Xing 'an Province. On the other hand, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Mongols in General Xing 'an Province established their own "East Mongolian People's Autonomous Government", paving the way for the establishment of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the future.

Since the "September 18th Incident" in 193 1, Japanese imperialism has continuously occupied our territory and fostered many puppet regimes as tools of indirect rule. In order to rule, these puppet regimes often change the administrative divisions of the areas under their jurisdiction. With the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the rout of the puppet troops, the established administrative divisions are often buried in their old books. The author here briefly introduces the administrative division system and organizational system of the Japanese puppet government. The following will introduce the puppet regime.

The director of the appeasement office is equivalent to the secretary of the municipal party Committee of the provincial capital city and the director of the political department of the military region (bureau (department) level)