What stories did the ancients in China contribute to the promotion of cultural exchange?

Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions.

Zhang Qian, a native of Wen Zi and Han nationality, was born in Chenggu County, Hanzhong (now Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province). He was a traveler, diplomat and outstanding explorer in China in the 2nd century BC, and made great contributions to the development of the Silk Road. Chenggu people in the Western Han Dynasty (now Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province). It opened up the north-south road to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty, and introduced blood horses, grapes, alfalfa, pomegranate, walnuts, flax and so on from various countries in the Western Regions.

Diplomats in the Western Han Dynasty. Hanzhong Chenggu (now Shaanxi Chenggu) was born. In the first year of Jianyuan (before 140), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became Lang. Emperor Wu wanted to use Da Yue to attack the Huns, and Zhang Qian was recruited as the envoy. In the third year of Jianyuan-before 138, he left Longxi and was captured by Xiongnu. In Xiongnu 10 years, they got married and had children, but they always adhered to the Han Festival. After escaping, I went west to Dawan, passed Kangju, arrived at Dayue's house, and went to Daxia, where I stayed for more than a year before coming back. On his way home, Zhang Qian changed from South Road to Nanshan in an attempt to avoid being discovered by Xiongnu, but he got it from Xiongnu and was detained for more than a year. In the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), the Huns were in civil strife, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape into the Han Dynasty. He gave a detailed report on the Western Regions to Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, who made him a doctor in Taichung. When Zhang Qian was in the summer, he learned that he could spend the summer by taking the road from the southwest of Shu (now Sichuan Basin) and taking the poison of India (now India). Because he advised Liang Wudi to open the route to the southwest, it was blocked by Kunming Yi and failed to pass. In the sixth year of Yuanshuo, Zhang Qian made contributions to the Xiongnu with Wei Qing, so he made a fortune and looked forward to it. In the second year of Yuanshou (before 12 1), he and Li Guang left Beiping (now northeast Hebei) to attack the Huns; Zhang Qian, who came late in the army, was beheaded, and made atonement with Hou to avoid being Shu Ren. Later, Zhang Qian advised Wu Di to unite with Wu Sun (in today's Ili Valley), and Wu Di took Zhang Qian as a corps commander. In BC 1 19, 300 people were sent to Wusun with tens of thousands of cattle and sheep, gold and silk. Zhang Qian sent envoys to Wusun and sent envoys to the surrounding countries such as Dawan, Kangju, Yueshi and Daxia. This trip has also achieved great results. Western countries also sent envoys to visit Chang 'an. Wu Sun sent messengers to send Zhang Qian back to Han, and offered a horse to thank him. Ding Yuan in the second year (former 1 15), Zhang Qian also. Died the following year. After he sent envoys, he led envoys from various countries in the western regions to Han; Wu Sun finally married Han, and * * * defeated Xiongnu. Zhang Qian is the founder of Hanergy's ability to communicate with the western regions. Because of Zhang Qian's prestige in the Western Regions, the envoys of the Han Dynasty later called themselves "princes" to win the trust of other countries. Zhang Qian has made outstanding contributions to the opening of the Silk Road from China to the Western Regions, which is praised by the world. At that time, there were no historical records in western countries, which were reported by Zhang Qian and recorded in Historical Records and Hanshu. They were the original materials on which the history of Central Asia was studied, and they were of great value.

Zhang Qian accomplished an epic feat of exploring Central Asia. He set out for the distant western regions twice, the first time in 139 BC and the second time in 1 15 BC. During these adventures, he was a prisoner in Xiongnu for several years. He observed the living conditions in northern India; He noticed that there were China goods in summer; He sent representatives as far away as Sogdian and even rested in peace. Due to a historical accident, Zhang Qian visited those areas after the main influence of Greece was eliminated in summer; We can speculate that if he had come there decades earlier and witnessed the living civilization of the Greek world, how would China's culture be affected? These are not guesses: Zhang Qian reported the possibility of contact with northwest countries in time; He hinted at the potential value of trading with these areas. He also pointed out the advantages of forming an alliance with China and other anti-Huns.

Due to Zhang Qian's suggestion, the main goal of the Han Dynasty's external expansion first pointed to the northwest. The initial defense line of the Qin Empire extended westward, ending in Yumen near Dunhuang. The purpose of building new city walls (mainly earth fortifications) is threefold. It defends the territory of China from sudden attacks; It prevents those who wish to evade law enforcement or tax service obligations from escaping; It forms a protected route to escort goods under certain security measures. The evidence of the earth fortifications themselves and the written records left by the garrison in the abandoned pit confirm the professional level maintained by the Han army, as well as their regular inspections, routine signals and routine patrols, and their insistence on punctuality in all actions.

In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), Zhang Qian was ordered to lead more than 100 people from Longxi (now Lintao, Gansu). A obedient "Ren Hu" and Tang Yi's servant Tang Yi's father volunteered to be Zhang Qian's guide and translator. They entered the Hexi Corridor to the west. Since the Vietnamese moved westward, this area has been completely controlled by the Huns. When Zhang Qian and his party hurried through the Hexi Corridor, they were unfortunately captured by tarkan. Xiongnu Right King will immediately escort Zhang Qian and others to Xiongnu Wang Ting (now near Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) to meet the then military minister Shan Yu (the son of Lao Shan Yu).

After learning that Zhang Qian was going to send Yue Jia, the military minister Khan said to Zhang Qian, "Yue Jia is in my north, so why can Han go?" Will Han listen to me if I want to turn over a new leaf? "That is to say, from the standpoint of the Huns, in any case, the envoys of the Han people are not allowed to go to Yueshi through the Huns. Just as the Han Dynasty won't let Xiongnu emissaries cross the Han area and go to the southern state of Yue. Zhang Qian and his party were detained and placed under house arrest.

Xiongnu Khan used all kinds of threats and inducements to soften and win over Zhang Qian and give up the idea of going to Ren Yue. He also married a Hun woman to Zhang Qian and gave birth to a child. But none of them achieved their goal. He "does not disgrace your life" and "sticks to the Han Festival without losing". In other words, I have never forgotten the sacred mission entrusted to me by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and I have never wavered in my will and determination to be the Vietnamese envoy to the Han Dynasty. Zhang Qian and others lived in Xiongnu for ten years.

In the sixth year of Yuanguang (BC 129), the enemy's surveillance gradually relaxed. One day, while the Huns were unprepared, Zhang Qian decisively left his wife and children and led his entourage to escape from Wang Ting, the Huns.

This escape is very dangerous and difficult. Fortunately, Zhang Qian and others lived in Xiongnu for ten years, learned the road of the western regions in detail, and learned the language of Xiongnu. They put on Hu clothes, and it is difficult for the Huns to catch them. So they successfully passed through the Xiongnu's control area.

However, during his stay in Xiongnu, the situation in the western regions changed. Wu Sun, the enemy of Ren Yue, with the support and instigation of Xiongnu, attacked Ren Yue to the west. The Vietnamese were forced to move westward from the Ili River basin, enter the Guishui area near the Aral Sea, conquer the summer and build another home on a new land. Zhang Qian is probably aware of this situation. Instead of heading for the Ili River basin in the northwest, they turned southwest, entered Yanqi, then turned back to the west of Tarim River, crossed Kuqa, Shule and other places, crossed the green ridge and reached Dawan (now Fergana Valley in the Soviet Union). After trudging on the road for dozens of days.

This is an extremely hard March. On the big Gobi, flying sand and stones, heat waves rolling; The green ridge is as high as the roof, covered with ice and snow, and the wind is biting. There are few people along the way and water resources are scarce. Plus, I fled in a hurry and the materials were not prepared enough. Zhang Qian and his party camped and prepared for hardships. When our dry food runs out, we rely on Tangyi to shoot animals to satisfy our hunger. Many followers died of hunger and thirst on the way, or died in the yellow sand ice cave, giving their lives.

After Zhang Qian arrived in Dawan, he explained his trip to Ren Yue and his experiences along the way to Dawan King. He hoped Dayuan could send someone to see him off, and said that if he could return to the Han Dynasty in the future, he must make a clear name and give him a lot of property and rewards. King Dawan had long heard about the wealth of the Eastern Han Dynasty and wanted to communicate with the Han Dynasty, but he was blocked by the Huns and failed to achieve it. Han's unexpected arrival made him very happy. Zhang Qian, more let him tempted. So he readily agreed to Zhang Qian's request. After a warm reception, he sent a guide and translator to send Zhang Qian and others to live in Comfortable (now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the Soviet Union). King Kangju sent someone to send them to Da Yue.

Unexpectedly, at this time, because the new land is very fertile, rich in products, and far away from the Huns and Wusun, the danger of foreign enemies is greatly reduced and the attitude has changed. When Zhang Qian suggested to them, they didn't mean to take revenge on the Huns. In addition, they thought that the Han Dynasty was too far away from the Yue people, so if they jointly attacked the Huns, it would be difficult to help them in case of danger. Zhang Qian and others stayed in Ren Yue for more than a year, but failed to persuade Ren Yue to form an alliance with the Han Dynasty and attack the Huns. During this period, Zhang Qian crossed the Guishui River and went south to Shilan City (now Khan Wazirabad) in summer. In the first year of yuanshuo (BC 128), he set off for home.

On his way home, Zhang Qian changed his marching route to avoid the Xiongnu-controlled area. It is planned to pass through the Qiang area in Qinghai to avoid the resistance of Xiongnu. So after crossing the Green Ridge again, they did not follow the "North Road" in the north of Tarim Basin, but turned to the "South Road" in the south of Tarim Basin and walked along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain. Starting from shache, it passed through Khotan (now Hotan) and Shanshan (now Ruoqiang) and entered the Qiang area. But what I didn't expect was that the Qiang people became vassals of the Huns, and Zhang Qian and others were captured by tarquin again and held for more than a year.

At the beginning of the third year of Yuan Shuo (BC 126), Minister of Military Affairs Khan died, his brother Zuo Wang became Khan himself, and the prince who attacked Minister of Military Affairs Khan was Khan. Khan failed to escape from Korea. Zhang Qian fled back to Chang 'an with his wife and father while the Huns were in civil strife. This is Zhang Qian's first trip to the Western Regions. From the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139) to the third year of Yuanshuo (BC 126), thirteen years. There were more than 100 people when we set out, and only zhangqian and Tang Yi's father were left when we came back. What a high price to pay!

Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions was not completed in terms of scheduled tasks. Because he failed to achieve the goal of forming an alliance with the big moon family to attack the Huns. For example, in terms of its practical influence and historical role, it is undoubtedly a great success. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, Rong Di has lived in the north of Jingwei River. To the north of Qin Shihuang, the Great Wall was built to protect the Central Plains, but its western boundary is only the vast western regions outside Lintao and Yumen, which is still beyond our political and cultural potential. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions made China's influence reach the east and west sides of the Green Ridge. Since then, not only the links between Xinjiang and the mainland have been strengthened, but also the direct links between China and Central Asia, West Asia and even Southern Europe have been established and strengthened. It was in Zhang Qian's footsteps that later generations walked out of the world-famous "Silk Road". Zhang Qian's contribution to hollowing out should be fully affirmed.

Zhang Qian's first trip to the western regions was not only an extremely difficult diplomatic trip, but also a fruitful scientific investigation. Zhang Qian made a field trip to the vast western region for the first time. He not only personally traveled to the small country of Xinjiang and the countries of Dawan, Kangju, Da Yue and Daxia in Central Asia, but also got a preliminary understanding of Wusun (south of Balkhash Lake, Ili River Basin), Chae Yeon (north of Caspian Sea and Aral Sea), rest in peace (Persia, now Iran), governance (also known as Dashi, now Iraq) and body poison (also known as Tianzhu) after returning to Chang 'an. The basic content of this report was preserved by Sima Qian in Historical Records and Biography of Dawan. This is the first and most accurate record of these areas in China and the world. Up to now, studying the paleogeography and history of the above-mentioned regions and countries is still the most precious information in the world.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very satisfied with Zhang Qian's achievements in his missions to the Western Regions. He specially named Zhang Qian as a doctor in traditional Chinese medicine, and named Tang Yi's father as the "king" in recognition of their achievements.

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Zheng he's voyages

1405 1 1 In July (the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), Ming Taizu Chengzu ordered Zheng He to lead a huge fleet of more than 240 seagoing ships and 27,400 crew members to sail and visited more than 30 countries and regions in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, which deepened the friendly relations between China and Southeast Asia and East Africa. From Liujiagang, Suzhou, to 1433 (8 years of Xuande in Ming Dynasty), it sailed 7 times at a time. For the last time, in April of eight years, Xuande returned to Guri and died on the ship. The folk story "Popular Romance of Sambo Eunuch's Journey to the West" calls his travel adventure Sambo Eunuch's Journey to the West.

Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenla, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia.

Definition of "Western Ocean": in the early Ming Dynasty, Borneo/Brunei was the boundary, the East was called the Oriental Ocean, and the West was called the Western Ocean. Therefore, in the past, it was called the South China Sea and the Southwest China Sea, in the Ming Dynasty it was called the Eastern Ocean and the Western Ocean, and the sea in the Gulf of Siam was called the Rising Sea.

The first voyage to the west

In June, the 4th year of Yongle (1406), Zheng He made his first voyage to the Western Ocean, heading south with the wind, and arrived at Mamobaxie in Java. Old Java name? Shiva, today's Java Island in Indonesia, is the hub of Southeast Asia, with dense population, rich products and developed commerce.

At that time, the East King and the West King of this country were fighting a civil war. When the East King was defeated, his territory was occupied by the army of the West King. Members of Zheng He's fleet went ashore to do business in the market. They were mistaken by the occupying forces for coming to help the East King and killed by the West King Ma Xie, with a total of 170 people. Zheng He's soldiers worked hard one after another, saying that their blood could not be shed in vain, and they were anxious to declare war on the eight countries of Mali and avenge themselves.

After the "Java incident", the Queen Mother of the West was very afraid and sent messengers to apologize and compensate 62,000 gold for atonement. Zheng He got off to a bad start in his voyage to the West and lost 170 soldiers innocently. Naturally, it will inevitably lead to a large-scale battle. However, Zheng He learned that this was a manslaughter, and in view of the West King's sincere fear, he pleaded guilty and was punished, so he told the court to make peace and handle the matter peacefully. The Ming dynasty decided to give up the claim for compensation for sleeping in eight countries. The Queen Mother of the West was very moved when she learned of this incident, and the two countries lived in harmony from then on.

Members of the organizing committee for the 600th anniversary of Zheng He in Semarang, Java Island talked to reporters about this matter and all admired him. They said that Zheng He treated all countries equally, regardless of strength. Even if there was a conflict between the two countries, he was able to maintain great restraint, compromise, convince others by reasoning, and show peace and good-neighborliness with neighboring countries, which made the traditional friendship between China and Indonesian people go back to ancient times. When we settled here, we were also proud.

Scholars in Indonesia believe that Zheng He's fleet was undoubtedly the most powerful maritime task force in the world at that time and an invincible fleet. During Zheng He's seven-year voyage to the Western Ocean for twenty-eight years, the real foreign war was only once in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and it was a defensive war when he was forced to do nothing. In dealing with the "Java Incident", Zheng He not only did not use force, but also did not demand compensation, which fully showed that Zheng He was an emissary of spreading peace. He spread the traditional etiquette of "harmony is the most important thing" in China and the Chinese civilization of "one country under the sun" and "one family under the world".

The second voyage to the west

September 13th, the fifth year of Yongle 1407 65438+ October 13. After Zheng He returned to China, he immediately made preparations for the second voyage, mainly to send foreign envoys home. The countries I visited this time are Zhancheng, Boni, Brunei, Siam, Thailand, Zhenla, Cambodia, Java, Manchinga, Ceylon, Kezhi and Guri. Arriving in Ceylon, Zheng He's fleet distributed gold, silver, silk and sesame oil to relevant Buddhist temples. On the first day of February in the seventh year of Yongle, 1409, 15 February, Zheng He and Wang Jinghong set up a Buddhist temple monument in Ceylon Mountain, explaining everything they had done. This monument is now in Colombo Museum. Zheng He's fleet returned to China in the summer of Yongle 7 1409.

The data of the second voyage to the West was 27,000.

The third voyage to the west

In the seventh year of Yongle, the fleet set sail from Liujia Port in Taicang on September 1409+00, and arrived at Taiping Port in Changle, Fujian on October110. In February 65438 of the same year, it set sail from Wuhumen, Fujian, arrived in Zhancheng after ten days and nights with a pleasant wind, and then sent a fleet from Zhancheng directly to Siam. Zheng He's fleet left Zhancheng, went to Zhenla, and sailed to Java, Temasek, Singapore and Manzka. Zheng He built warehouses in Manzga, and all the money, grain and goods needed for his voyage to the West were stored in these warehouses for future use. Zheng He's fleet of ships going to various countries gathered here to arrange goods, waiting for the south wind to sail home. Zheng He's fleet set sail from Manzga, passing through Aru, Suman Ansai and Nanwuli to Ceylon. In Ceylon, Zheng He also sent another fleet to Geli, Abadan and Gambari on the eastern coast at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula. Zheng He personally led the fleet to Xiaogulun and Kezi, and finally arrived in Guli. He returned to China on June 16th, Yongle 9th,141July 6th.

The fourth voyage to the west

In the 10th year of Yongle 1 1 month15th, 14 12, 18, the court ordered Zheng He to go to the western seas. In the 11th year of Yongle, we set sail in the winter of 14 13. First arrived in Zhancheng, and then led a huge fleet to Java, Jiugang, Manzga, Aru and Suman to answer the thorn. From here, Zheng He went to the Western Fleet and arrived in Liu Shan today's Maldives Islands. The fleet sailed from Sumatra to Ceylon. In Ceylon, Zheng He once again sent a sub-fleet to Geli, and the big fleet sailed to Guri, and then directly sailed from Guri to Hrus Moore, which is now the mouth of the Iranian Persian Gulf, Gesham Island, bandar abbas. This is an important metropolis for business exchanges between East and West. Zheng He's fleet set sail for home, passing through Liu Shan. Later, Zheng He's fleet used Liu Shan as a stopover to cross the Indian Ocean to reach East Africa. Zheng He's fleet returned to China on July 8th, Yongle 13th1465438+August 2nd, 2005. On this voyage, Zheng He's fleet crossed the Indian Ocean and reached the Persian Gulf.

The data of the fourth voyage to the West was 27,670.

The fifth voyage to the west

On December 10th, 14th year of Yongle,1416,65438+February 28th, the court ordered Zheng He to send 19 envoys back to China. Zheng He's fleet set sail in the winter of Yongle 15th year 14 17, and first arrived in Zhancheng, then arrived in Java, Pahang, Jiugang, Manzga, Sumatra, Nanwuli, Ceylon, Shaliwan, the eastern coast of the southern tip of Indian Peninsula, Kezhi and Guri. The fleet arrived in Ceylon, and Zheng He sent a fleet to Yosemite, and then from Yosemite to Mugudu on the east coast of Africa, which is now Mogadishu, and Marin, which is now Malindi. After arriving in Guri, the fleet was divided into two parts. One fleet sailed for Zufar, Adan and assassins in Arabian Peninsula, and the other fleet headed for Hulumu. On July 17th, 17th year of Yongle,1465438+August 8th, 2009, Zheng He's fleet returned to China.

The sixth voyage to the west

On the 30th day of the first month in the 19th year of Yongle, 142 1 March 3rd, Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He to send envoys from sixteen countries back to China. In order to catch up with the northeast monsoon, Zheng He led his fleet to set off soon, and arrived in Zhancheng, Siam, Hulu Maugham, Adan, Zu Faer, Sass, Buciwa, Mugu Ancient Capital, Zhubujin, Juba River, Marin, Guri, Kizil, Kayle, Ceylon Mountain, Liu Shan, Nanwuli, Suman, Aru and other countries and regions. On August 18th, 20th year of Yongle,1September 3rd, 422, Zheng He's fleet returned to China accompanied by envoys from Siam, Sumatra and Adan.

The seventh voyage to the west

Treasure ships leave Longjiang Pass.

On June 9th, the fifth year of Xuande,1June 29th, 430, Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji ordered Zheng He to go to the Western Ocean again. In the same year1February 6, the fleet set sail from Longwan to Xiaguan, Nanjing, and assembled at Liujiagang on February 3. In Liujiagang, Zheng He and others set up a stone tablet of Tianfei Palace in Liujiagang, Loudong. The fleet arrived in Taiping Port, Changle, Fujian, and set up a stone tablet of "The Story of Tian Fei Spirit" at Sanfeng Pagoda Temple in Nanshan. Both monuments recorded their six voyages. On December 9, the sixth year of Xuande, the fleet set sail from Wuhumen. The voyage passes through Zhancheng, Sulumayi, Suman 'anxi, Guri and Zhubu in Java, and then reaches the southern tip of Africa, near the Mozambique Strait, and then returns. When the fleet sailed near Guri, Zheng He died in Guri, the west coast of India, in the eighth year of Xuande (1433). Zheng He's fleet, led by eunuch Wang Jinghong, returned to Liujiagang, Taicang via Suman 'an and Manci's home. On the sixth day of July (1July 22nd, 433), Zheng He's fleet arrived in Nanjing.

There were 27,550 people on the seventh voyage to the West.

When Zheng He's fleet arrived at the old port (now Sumatra Megaport), it was suddenly intercepted and attacked by pirates. The leader of these pirates is Chen Zuyi. Chen Zuyi was originally from Guangdong. During the Hongwu period, he went to the present Nanyang, gathered a group of people to occupy the old port, and often robbed merchant ships passing through here, and many businessmen suffered greatly. This time, Chen Zuyi saw that Zheng He's fleet was outnumbered, and he did not dare to rashly start. He pretended to surrender to Zheng He, but secretly prepared to rob the fleet. Zheng He discovered Chen Zuyi's plot in time and immediately deployed countermeasures. When Chen Zuyi led the people to rob, he commanded soldiers to defeat pirates, killed more than 5,000 people, burned ten pirate ships, captured seven, and captured Chen Zuyi alive. On Mount Ceylon, King Alexander Kunel presented many gifts to the Ming Dynasty, indicating that the two countries had been repaired. I didn't know that the greedy Alec Kunai saw Zheng He's fleet loaded with a lot of gold and silver, so he invited Zheng He into the palace on an excuse. After the banquet, he asked Zheng He for gold coins, but secretly sent troops to rob Zheng He's fleet. Zheng He was calm and learned that most of the troops of Mount Ceylon had been sent to attack the fleet, and the capital was empty, so he quickly sent orders to dispatch more than 2,000 soldiers to attack the capital of Mount Ceylon by surprise and captured Alexander and his wife alive. The general who led the troops to rob the fleet heard that the army had returned to the division and quickly ordered the evacuation and rescue. Zheng He's army took advantage of the victory and killed a comeback, beating the enemy soldiers to pieces. They had to surrender to the Ming army. Zheng He released the surrendered officers and soldiers on the spot, detained only Alexander Kuna and several important officials on board, and then continued to patrol other areas. When Zheng He's fleet arrived at Gumu Gushu. Qi Weiwang personally went to meet Huan and gave a banquet. Zheng He presented silk, pottery and tea to the king and princess. The king gave Ming Chengzu a precious animal called "Kirin", which is the African giraffe. After I came back, I not only brought back envoys from seventeen countries, but also visited China with them. Some of them were governors, some were brothers of Wang Shu, and they all established diplomatic relations with the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He also brought back the lions, leopards and big west horses from Hulu Maugham. Adan's Kirin and the long-horned Maha beast; Flowers of lions in the ancient capital Mu; Camels and ostriches.

After resting in China for more than a year, on the 11th of the 10th year of Yongle, Cheng Zu asked him to sail to western countries for the third time. This time, just in time for the northeast monsoon season. Zheng He's fleet, sail before the wind, soon reached the Indonesian island of Sumatra.

Sumena has just experienced a great event, which has put Zheng He's visit in a dilemma. It turns out that there is an orphan country in the west of Suman Anxi. 1408 (the sixth year of Ming Leyong), the lonely country fought with Sumen Ansai, and Sumen Ansai shot the king with an arrow. The prince is too young to avenge his father. The queen was eager for revenge. She told the whole country: whoever can lead the army to defeat the lonely country and avenge the former king, I will marry him and ask him to be king. A skilled fisherman bravely led the troops to defeat the army of the orphan country and killed their king. The fisherman married the queen and became the king of Sumatra. The son of the old king was very unwilling when he grew up. He trained a group of confidant warriors, took the opportunity to kill the fisherman and ascended the throne himself. Zheng He presented many gifts to the new king after he arrived in Sumen to get stabbed. The fisherman had a son named Sue. He wanted to avenge his father. He sent troops to attack Sumanda in an attempt to seize the throne. Unexpectedly, he was defeated by the new king. He had to flee to a place called Linshan and set up a village by himself. He heard that Zheng He gave many gifts to the new king of Sumen, but he didn't give them to himself. He was jealous and hated, so he led tens of thousands of soldiers to attack Zheng He's fleet. With the cooperation of Su people, Zheng He commanded his soldiers to fight back bravely, defeated Su Gan's soldiers, pursued them to a place called Nanbo Li, and captured Su Gan's wife and son alive. After Yongle returned to China in the 13th year, Ming Chengzu ordered the assassination of Su Gan. 1430 (June 5th year of Xuande), Zhu Zhanji, Ming Taizu once again dispatched Zheng He and Wang Jinghong to lead the fleet and visited 20 countries including Khrushchev. Because there are many countries, a wide area, a long journey and a long time, I didn't leave for home until 1433. Unexpectedly, when the fleet returned to Guri (now Coetzee Cote on the west coast of southern India), 63-year-old Zheng died of overwork. Wang Jinghong ordered Zheng He's body to be properly wrapped for burial in China. It was summer and the tropical climate was very hot. When the fleet sailed into Java (now Java, Indonesia), they saw that Zheng He's body was difficult to preserve and could not be transported back to China for burial. Wang Jinghong had to decide to bury it on the spot.

When Judy ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty had been established for more than 30 years, and agriculture and people's lives were not affected by this coup. At this time, coastal metropolises such as China and Guangzhou developed very prosperously. After good economic development, it is very urgent to develop overseas transportation and overseas trade. On the other hand, Judy also wants to use external activities to show his power and build his reputation. Therefore, sailing is imperative.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the efforts of Zhu Yuanzhang for thirty-one years, the agricultural economy recovered. Handicraft industry has also developed greatly: mining, textiles, ceramics, paper making and printing have all been improved to varying degrees than before. China's silk, porcelain and even some European countries have won a high reputation. In particular, the development of shipbuilding industry, the progress of navigation technology (including the use of compass, the accumulation of navigation experience and the improvement of navigation knowledge), the training of a large number of sailors, the recovery and development of industry and commerce in the early Ming Dynasty, the development of China's overseas trade since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and the increase of foreign immigrants all prepared a solid economic foundation for Zheng He's voyage to the West and provided relatively strong material conditions. The strong national conditions and developed trade in the early Ming Dynasty itself required strengthening ties with overseas countries and expanding overseas trade and exchanges. Therefore, the Ming emperor Judy decided to organize a powerful fleet to go to "western" countries.

Zheng He's motivation and purpose of going to the West is also the motivation and purpose of Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. The early years of the Ming Dynasty were a period of upward development of the national situation. At this time, in the north, Mongolian forces have been expelled from the Great Wall, and the feudal rule of the Ming Dynasty has been very consolidated. Moreover, with the recovery and development of social economy, the country is becoming stronger and stronger, and it is possible to develop overseas. Judy thinks she is the "benefactor" of "Heaven governs the world" and wants to pay tribute from overseas countries. Like the utilitarian feudal emperors of past dynasties, Judy is also a utilitarian, and he also wants to publicize the national prestige and show off his wealth.

During the Yongle period, Judy's thought of building a great country in China became stronger because of her strong national strength. Ming Chengzu is cheerful and often shows China's prosperity to foreign countries. He was deeply dissatisfied with the negative overseas policy in the early Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the foreign policy of the imperial court changed. After he acceded to the throne, he sent eunuchs abroad and called all countries to the DPRK, which undoubtedly improved the prestige of Ming Chengzu. Zheng He's voyage to the West enabled him to show off his troops overseas, brag about the prosperity of China, and publicize Wade of the Ming Dynasty to overseas countries. At the same time, he also wants to use Yang Wei overseas to alleviate the dissatisfaction of some people who seized the throne by force at home and abroad.

He also wants to use Yang Wei overseas to alleviate some people's dissatisfaction with his seizure of status by force. Some books say that Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas in order to find the whereabouts of Wen Jian Emperor Zhu Yunwen. It is said that after the war in Jingnan, Zhu Yunwen escaped, and I don't know where he went. After the Jingnan Rebellion, Zu's throne was won from his nephew Wen Jian. In Judy's view, this is naturally the most worrying thing. Ming Chengzu suspected that he had fled overseas to take refuge, fearing that he would pose a threat to himself in the future, so he sent Zheng He to the Western Seas to spy on Wen Jian in order to prevent future troubles.

The huge fleet led by Zheng He is neither an ordinary merchant fleet nor an ordinary diplomatic mission, but a fleet organized by feudal rulers with dual tasks of diplomacy and trade.

One of his missions is to attract foreign countries to pay tribute and establish relations with them. In order to accomplish this task, the first thing Zheng He did after his voyage was to publicize Judy's imperial edict. Declare to all countries: the Ming emperor was the king of a great country according to the destiny of heaven, and he ruled the world according to the will of the "king of heaven". Governors from all walks of life and foreigners from all walks of life should do as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty said. Countries should not bully the weak, so they can * * * enjoy peace in the world. If I ask you to join me, you will get a generous return.

The second thing is to give gifts. Give imperial edicts and silver seals to kings of various countries, give crowns to kings and officials at all levels, and express their willingness to establish and develop friendly relations with those countries.

The third thing is to conduct trade activities. China's handicrafts are exchanged for local products of various countries, which makes countries attracted by China's exquisite and intact handicrafts and willing to come to China to pay tribute and conduct trade activities. The silk products and porcelain exported from China have long enjoyed a good reputation in Asian and African countries. Many countries in Asia and Africa have long wanted to develop trade relations with China. It is only because of Zhu Yuanzhang's "maritime policy" that the development of this trade is limited. Judy canceled the policy of "marching into the sea" and sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean, which marked the resumption of normal trade between China and overseas countries. Overseas countries also believe that it is profitable to pay tribute, trade and establish friendly relations with China.

The fourth thing is to establish friendly relations with countries in the South China Sea (now the Straits of Malacca).

meaning

Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia. These records all represent the pinnacle of China's maritime exploration, more than 80 years earlier than the western explorer Da Gama Columbus and others. At that time, the Ming dynasty was ahead of the west in navigation technology, fleet size, sailing distance, duration and related fields.

In the historical significance of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas, there are many overseas interpretations. "In Zheng He's era, China really assumed the responsibility of a civilized country: be strong but not hegemonic, spread goodwill to friendly countries, publicize rewards, and be generous.

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Have again

Ban Chao, Jian Zhen, Xuanzang and others.