Looking for the writing background of Tolstoy's The Poor.

Five years after Bismarck's Berlin conference on Bismarck's diplomacy during the Bulgarian crisis, German Chancellor Bismarck established a complex alliance system including Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Romania and other countries. European international politics was once dominated by Bismarck Union, and Berlin became the center of European diplomatic arena. 1885 Bulgaria crisis brought Bismarck Union to the brink of collapse. This paper aims to explore some characteristics of the diplomacy and international environment of European powers in the late19th century against the background of fierce diplomatic competition among European powers during the crisis.

1828 ~ 19 10) Russian writer. 1828 was born in Jasna Ya Pogliana, Wenxian County, Clapiz City, Tula Province (now Xiaojin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family is an aristocratic family, whose lineage can be traced back to16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I, and his father Count ilych participated in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Xie Ni Volkonski. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine. 184 1 year, after the death of his guardian aunt A.I. Osjian-Saken, he was transferred to the custody of his aunt Pi.I. Yushko who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.

Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from an early age. 1844 was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the final exam and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was addicted to social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. In college, he has noticed the superiority of his classmates from civilian backgrounds. Dropped out of school in April, 1847, and returned to Jasna and Polynesia. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property. He spent most of his long life here.

After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. 1April, 849, I went to Petersburg to take the LLB exam, only took two courses, and suddenly went home. It was in the autumn of 1998 that a school was established for the children of farmers. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula provincial administrative bureau, and the following year 12 was promoted to the 14th grade civil servant, but actually he wandered between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. However, he is getting tired of this kind of life and environment. At the end of April, 185 1 went to the Caucasus with his eldest brother Nikolai, who was in military service, to take part in the battle against the mountain people as a volunteer, and then served in the Caucasus army as a "fourth-class artillery corporal" for two and a half years. Although he performed well, he was promoted to warrant officer only with the support of his relatives. /kloc-0 joined the danube army in March, 854. After the Crimean War began, he voluntarily moved to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fortress No.4, and participated in the last defensive war in the city. In all kinds of battles, seeing the heroism and excellent quality of officers and men from civilian background strengthened his sympathy for ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom.

Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine.

/kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.

Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for children of farmers in Jasna, Paulia and nearby rural areas, studied the education system in Russia and Western Europe, and visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium from 1860 to 1. Later, he founded an educational magazine, Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change.