Research on New Rural Construction in Liangshan Prefecture

Liangshan Prefecture is the largest inhabited area of the Yi people in China, and most of the Yi people are scattered in the mountainous areas of Liangshan Prefecture. The natural environment and population distribution will inevitably bring new challenges to the construction of new countryside in Liangshan Prefecture. This paper discusses the construction of new socialist countryside in Liangshan Prefecture, and puts forward the idea that we should adopt various models and set multi-level goals.

Keywords: Liangshan new socialist countryside construction

The Proposal adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee puts forward eight tasks in the next five years, the first of which is to build a new socialist countryside. In recent years, the economic development of Liangshan Prefecture ranks among the top cities and states in Sichuan in GDP growth rate and among the top ethnic minority areas in China, which provides a good economic environment for the construction of new countryside in Liangshan Prefecture. However, the special humanistic and natural environment in Liangshan Prefecture has brought new challenges to the construction of new countryside.

First, the macro data that must be paid attention to in building a new socialist countryside

1. The China Modernization Report 2006 written by China Modernization Strategy Research Group of China Modernization Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences puts forward some striking data:

(1)200 1 year, according to the standards of the United Nations, there are about10.90 billion people living in absolute poverty in the world, of which China accounts for 2 1 10,000. In other words, about 1 of every five poor people in the world live in China.

(2) The Gini coefficient of income and the ratio between the rich and the poor in China are 1.5 and 1.8 times that in developed countries, respectively, and the social equity is relatively low.

(3) In 2000, the urbanization rate of China was 36%, while that of developed countries was 79% on average, a difference of two times. In 2000, the population of China was about 65.438+0.26 billion, and the total population of high-income countries was about 950 million. The population of China is 0.3 times that of 65438+ high-income countries. If the urbanization rate of China in 2000 reaches the level of developed countries in 2000, it needs to transfer 540 million rural people to cities, which is more than building an "urbanized Western Europe" (the total population of western European developed countries 17 in 2000 was about 400 million).

2. The Gini coefficient of China.

(1) The international academic community generally thinks that the Gini coefficient is below 0.3 as the average state; 0.3 to 0.4 is a reasonable state; More than 0.4 belongs to the income gap is too large; More than 0.6 indicates that the society is in a state of extreme injustice and social unrest will occur at any time. In this country, 0.6 is set as a warning line internationally.

(2) According to the report "Overall Judgment on the Present Situation of Urban Residents' Income Distribution Structure in China" issued by the Economic System Comprehensive Reform Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, China's "urban residents' income distribution gap has been relatively large, and the Gini coefficient of urban residents' income gap has reached the upper limit of reasonable value of about 0.4, which is considered unreasonable to some extent". According to the estimation of the Asian Development Bank, among the 65.438+0.3 billion people in Chinese mainland, about 583 million people live below the internationally recognized poverty line, and their daily living expenses are less than two dollars, of which at least 200 million people live below 654.38+0 dollars. Professor Guma of Tsinghua University believes that only the Gini coefficient of urban residents is above 0.5, basically around 0.54; This does not include farmers, and if the vast number of rural residents are added, the figure will be much larger.

(3) At present, the rich in China account for 20% of the society, and their wealth accounts for 60% of the national wealth, or even more. For the other 80% people, education, medical care, housing and the "three new mountains" are the realities we have to face every day, including wage earners with fixed income, who feel the pain and pressure of survival all the time.

(4) The increase of Gini coefficient means that the society is already in a serious unfair state, which is entirely caused by human factors, that is, the ability of vested interests to obtain income far exceeds that of other members of society, resulting in the phenomenon of unbalanced income distribution. This "ability" includes corruption, power and money trading, tilt of policies and systems, and so on. Cheng Xiaonong, an American scholar living in the United States and editor-in-chief of Contemporary China magazine, believes that many characteristics of Latin American society are already available in China, and the corruption of collusion between power and money is obvious to all. The severity of the gap between the rich and the poor has far exceeded the internationally recognized warning line.

Second, the background of building a new socialist countryside in Liangshan Prefecture

Liangshan Prefecture is the largest inhabited area of Yi people in China, and most Yi people are scattered in the mountainous areas of Liangshan Mountain and Liangshan Mountain. There are seventeen counties and cities in Liangshan Prefecture, eleven poverty-stricken counties at the provincial level, nine poverty-stricken counties at the national level, and millions of poor people, most of whom live in rural areas. The construction of new countryside in Liangshan Prefecture is bound to face a more arduous task than that in economically developed areas. According to Outlook News Weekly, the current new rural construction in China will face these four major problems: weak village-level collective economy, weak farmers' income increase, lagging village construction planning and failure to establish a long-term investment mechanism. These four problems are even more difficult for economically backward ethnic areas.

Liangshan Prefecture has Xichang City with GDP exceeding 40% of the average level of Sichuan Province, and there are also 9 national poverty-stricken counties. Therefore, even the backward Liangshan Prefecture is a region with unbalanced economic development. For those villagers who are absolutely poor, the new countryside (new houses, new facilities, new environment, new farmers and new fashions) cannot be realized in a short time. If nothing else, as far as new farmers (now defined as: educated, skilled and able to operate) are concerned, farmers vary greatly from place to place. Some mountain farmers with traffic jams may not even understand Chinese. Therefore, the construction of new countryside in Liangshan Prefecture cannot be accomplished overnight, let alone adopt a model and set a goal, but adopt a variety of models and set a multi-level goal.

Third, the idea of building a new socialist countryside in Liangshan Prefecture

According to the income gap between different regions in Liangshan Prefecture, Liangshan Prefecture can be divided into three different economic regions: high-income, middle-income and low-income, and different levels of goals can be set to build a new countryside. The goals at different levels are dynamic and gradual, and they are subordinate to a final goal in time vector.

However, it should be noted that from19th century to 1980s, China was in a state of material shortage for nearly 200 years. This historical material hunger and thirst makes our material civilization tendency very serious. The "five innovations" (new houses, new facilities, new environment, new farmers and new fashions) advocated in the construction of new countryside today contain too strong material tendencies. Weakening the spiritual goal will in turn enhance the possibility of material comparison, leading to the loss of happiness and the desertification of spiritual civilization. This will make the construction of new countryside meaningless.

This is reminiscent of Japan and Germany in the 1950s. The difficulties they faced at that time were no less than those we face in building a new countryside today, but history has proved their subsequent success. There are two details that can help us understand why they are successful:

The first case is the third of the four major reforms of Meiji Restoration (1867) in Japan: advocating civilization (including civilization, educational reform and westernization of life), carrying out educational reform and establishing a modern educational system to improve the quality of Japanese nationals; 187 1 year, the Meiji government established the Ministry of Education, which was responsible for the unified management of national education, and gradually established a three-level education system of primary school, middle school and university. Primary school is compulsory and all school-age children must go to school. Another thing is that a German family was displaced by the war. When they met again after the war, their father said, "Finally, they have a home again." . For this father, "home" is not a house, not a field, but a relative. The image of this father, to some extent, is the epitome of the whole postwar German nation.

One of these two peoples attaches importance to knowledge and the other to people. "Knowledge is power" and "Man is the real motive force to create history". Knowledge and people are the key factors of social development; Knowledge and people created the miracle that these two countries rose rapidly from the ruins after their defeat in World War II.

Therefore, when we set the sub-indicators of each level, the indicators of material civilization construction are different at different levels, but the indicators of spiritual civilization should occupy the same important position at each level.

Four, Liangshan society concerned about the construction of new countryside.

1, measures in high-income areas

First of all, do a good job in production and market potential planning for projects or industries that support high income in the region. It is best to win national projects; Introduce preferential policies and try to introduce funds from various channels; Encourage local farmers to raise funds together, expand production scale and so on.

Secondly, make full use of local natural resources and human advantages, and strive to transform local superior natural resources and human resources into economic advantages. Most of the high-income areas in Liangshan Prefecture are located in Pingba area of Anning Valley, where the soil is fertile and the light and heat conditions are good, so it is very important to do a good job in the industrialization of characteristic agriculture. At the same time, this area is also the earliest place where the ancients immigrated and developed, leaving many relics and beautiful legends that can inspire modern people here. Combined with the planning of cottages, these cultural resources can be developed into tourist attractions; The most important thing is to let local modern people see the pioneering spirit of our ancestors, which I think is an important part of building a new socialist countryside and new fashion.

Third, governments at all levels should do a good job in administrative supervision. The fifth sub-index in the comprehensive index system of building a new socialist countryside is management democracy, including farmers' satisfaction with the openness of village affairs and the proportion of villagers' autonomy. At present, democratic management in many places is a mere formality, and the two indicators of democratic management are sloppy. Some village cadres even fill out the satisfaction questionnaire of village affairs disclosure by themselves, which will seriously dampen the enthusiasm of villagers to participate in related activities. Therefore, it is necessary for the superior administrative department to directly participate in this work, and take this work as an important content of administrative supervision by the superior administrative department.

Finally, governments at all levels should do a good job in market information investigation, service and organization. Farmers' ability to participate in market competition as individuals or families is very weak, but when they are organized as villages, townships and even counties, their market competitiveness will be improved accordingly. However, because farmers usually take families as production units, market competition is first manifested among different peasant families, and the advantages of this alliance cannot be seen. It is unrealistic to rely only on farmers' spontaneous organizations and alliances in a short time. It is very necessary for governments at all levels to do a good job in the investigation, service and organization of market information, so that farmers can be organized into a whole interest and face market competition.

In addition, there are two situations below Liangshan that are very noteworthy: First, it is difficult to increase the income of aquaculture. The ability of agriculture to resist market risks and natural disasters is weak, and the instability of income increase is great. Although the state subsidizes farmers to grow grain, the continuous increase in the prices of means of production and the operating costs of machinery has invisibly increased the production costs, making it difficult for farmers to increase their income in the breeding industry. Second, industrialization is difficult to drive. In recent years, agricultural industrialization has developed, but the overall competitiveness of agriculture is not strong, and the degree of organization of farmers entering the market is not high, which is not obvious to drive farmers to increase their income. Companies plus farmers and associations plus farmers did not bring much benefit to farmers' income. Companies, associations and farmers have not really formed a close interest linkage mechanism, and farmers have hardly benefited from the secondary distribution of enterprises or associations. Some places regard cooperative economic organizations or associations as ordinary enterprises, some as social groups, and some places have no proper birthright at all. This chaotic situation makes it difficult for farmers' cooperative economic organizations to make loans, taxes, insurance and many other aspects, which seriously hinders their development.

2. Measures in middle-income areas

Middle-income areas in Liangshan Prefecture are mostly located in the second and half mountainous areas. The soil fertility in this area is poor, but the light and heat conditions are good. Industrialization of characteristic fruit industry and livestock and poultry breeding is very important. Since 2005, the national policy of canceling agricultural tax has not only improved farmers' enthusiasm for farming, but also enhanced farmers' enthusiasm for developing fruit products. The second and semi-mountainous areas in Liangshan Prefecture have a vast area and good light and heat conditions, and the resource advantages of developing forest and fruit industry are very obvious.

In middle-income areas, planning should be done first. Liangshan mountain area is vast, and there are many kinds of forest products suitable for planting. However, the climatic conditions in the two semi-mountainous areas of cities and counties are obviously different, and the traditional fruit products in cities and counties are also very different. Without unified planning, it is easy to make two extreme mistakes: repeated planting and small scale. Erbanshan area also has a very important bridge function, which is located between Pingba Valley and alpine area. Moderate-scale forest orchards can attract farmers from poor mountainous areas to go out to work and increase their income.

Secondly, it is necessary to balance the introduction of fruit products and the retention of traditional products. Liangshan Prefecture is an underdeveloped area, and economic backwardness can easily lead to a wrong tendency: there is nothing worth keeping in backward areas! This tendency is particularly serious when introducing jobs. Whether this behavior actually determines the gift of nature to Liangshan Prefecture.

Thirdly, government functional departments at all levels should provide technical services. Including forest products planting technology, management technology, product picking, packaging, storage, transportation technology and other through-train technical services.

Finally, governments at all levels should do a good job in market information investigation, service and organization. At this point, the measures are the same as those in high-income areas.

3. Measures in low-income areas

Most of the low-income areas in Liangshan Prefecture are located in mountainous areas. The soil fertility in this area is poor and the mountain slope is large. Although the light and heat conditions are good, it is not suitable for farming except for the small alpine platform. Farming with excessive slope is easy to cause soil erosion. At the same time, the water resources and irrigation facilities for agricultural production are very poor, which limits the varieties of crops planted; Domestic water facilities and the natural environment conditions on which people live are very poor; Traffic and information are blocked, and people's cultural quality and production capacity are also very low. Local farmers are almost in absolute poverty, and many sub-indicators in the comprehensive index system of building a new socialist countryside are far away and unrealistic for them. The new rural construction in this part of the region should take poverty alleviation as the main goal, and formulate the construction goal realistically in combination with the national poverty alleviation policy.

First of all, for villages whose living conditions are difficult to improve in the short term, gradually implement immigration. Villagers have lived in mountainous areas for a long time, with poor production and living conditions, almost no farming, serious soil erosion and serious vegetation damage; Cutting down trees with living wages will also cause vegetation destruction and soil erosion. Liangshan Prefecture is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the protection of natural ecological environment is of great significance. In addition, the scattered residence has brought great difficulties to the grass-roots administrative work, especially the family planning work: the birth rate index in mountainous and poor areas is difficult to control! This will directly affect the increase or decrease of the poverty population base! Through immigration, scattered farmers can be managed centrally. It can also concentrate limited poverty alleviation funds to improve the living environment and cultural and educational conditions of villagers more effectively! What needs to be noted here is that the implementation of immigration has not completely moved villagers from high mountain areas to valley areas. In the valley area of Liangshan, the population density is not low! My idea is: If the carrying capacity of the ecological environment allows, the high mountain areas should be concentrated as far as possible, and some villagers who exceed the carrying capacity of the environment should emigrate to the second and half mountain areas or river valleys!

Secondly, organize labor export through technical training. It should be noted that with the increasing proportion of rural labor transferred to secondary and tertiary industries, a large number of laborers go out to work and transfer on the spot. However, due to the low comprehensive quality, most of the workers are still engaged in low-income jobs, and the skilled labor force is less transferred and cannot obtain higher income.

Finally, these groups need the long-term attention of governments at all levels. They are the main body of absolute poverty in Liangshan Prefecture, including farmers with poor production and living conditions in mountainous areas, farmers who lack new viability after losing their land in various constructions, middle-and low-income elderly people in cities and towns and residents who have been unemployed for many years. The materialization tendency of the new rural construction index will enhance the possibility of material comparison. In particular, we should be alert that some poor farmers and residents may violate the law to reduce their living costs. At present, this trend is becoming more and more obvious. Grass-roots governments and grass-roots organizations should strive to avoid the marginalization of these farmers and residents!