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Reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty

Reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty

The demise of the Tang Dynasty was mainly the result of three major factors: the eunuch's autocratic power, the separatist regime in the buffer region and the struggle among cronies.

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On the reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was an important dynasty in the history of China. It has a vast territory, prosperous economy and strong national strength. However, there is no immortal country in the world, and such a great dynasty as the invincible family eventually perished. Today, let's see why it died. The demise of the Tang Dynasty was mainly the result of three major factors: the eunuch's autocratic power, the separatist regime in the buffer region and the struggle among cronies. First of all, let's look at the eunuch dictatorship. As we know, among the feudal dynasties in China, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were the three most serious dynasties of eunuch dictatorship. Compared with the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, the autocratic degree of eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty was much more serious than the latter two. Although there were eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, eunuchs were blacksmiths. However, the eunuchs in the Tang Dynasty manipulated the emperor, appointed and dismissed the prime minister, and formulated national policies. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, in order to limit the power of eunuchs, Emperor Taizong imposed strict restrictions on eunuchs, stipulating that eunuchs could only serve as four internal officials. However, during the Tianbao period, the power of eunuchs gradually expanded. Eunuch Gao Lishi has great power. Kings and princesses call it Weng, and Ma Xu calls it Ye. Eunuch Li was in charge of the imperial army, with great power, and was once established as the throne. He is overbearing. He once said to Dai Zong, "Everyone is sitting in it, and foreign affairs will be punished by old slaves." Tang Daizong was furious, but there was nothing he could do because he was in power. With the support of eunuchs, Tang Xianzong acceded to the throne. Chou Shiliang, the eunuch, described his mistakes in detail before the emperor. Tang Wenzong claimed that he was not even as good as Han Xiandi and Zhou Nanwang. Most emperors in the late Tang Dynasty were supported by eunuchs. Among them, Tang Xianzong and Tang Jingzong were killed by eunuchs. The central government was actually in the hands of eunuchs, and the emperor became the eunuch's puppet. The eunuch in the Tang Dynasty was so arrogant that the emperor was to blame. The emperor didn't trust the general, so he handed over the command of the imperial army to the eunuch. Since Tang Dezong, it has become a routine for eunuchs to master the imperial army. In order to oppose the eunuch dictatorship, the emperor repeatedly linked courtiers to deal with eunuchs. Among them, the famous "Two Kings and Eight Horses" incident in Tang Shunzong period and the "Ganlu Change" in Tang Wenzong period both ended in failure. The eunuch's power has not been weakened, but has been strengthened. This situation continued until the demise of the Tang Dynasty. Now let's look at the separatist regime in the buffer region. In order to defend the frontier, the Tang Dynasty set up our envoy in Jingyun. At first, this setting only existed in frontier areas. After the Anshi Rebellion, in order to defend the central government, the Tang Dynasty set up more embassies and consulates. We have mastered local administrative power and military power and become a separatist force that splits the party. Besides, the posts of our time are passed on to children or priests. At that time, the central government could only admit. In addition, they monopolized local taxes. In order to compete for population and land, there are constant wars between buffer towns and between buffer towns and the central government. Each buffer town holds its own opinions and fights for its own, which seriously threatens the unity of the country. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty set up many buffer towns in Hebei, the source of Anshi Rebellion, among which Zhao Yi, Chengde and Weibo were the most serious. History is called "Three Towns in Hebei". They fought against the central authorities for a long time and were called "royal ministers". In fact, they are local emperors. After Tang Xianzong acceded to the throne, they tried to change this situation, fought against the buffer region, put down Wu Yuanji's rebellion, and annihilated other buffer regions that did not obey the central authorities. At this time, the three towns in Hebei, which have always been arrogant, had to obey the central authorities. Obviously, the country has been reunified. But this situation did not last long. In Tang Xianzong at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, besides the capital, there were 46 buffer regions. Most of these provinces are independent and semi-independent. However, some important buffer areas related to the security of the Tang Dynasty were controlled by the central government, which also ensured the existence of the Tang Dynasty. The separatist regime of the buffer region has greatly weakened the central government's control over local governments. Next, let's take a look at the nepotism. The central officials in the Tang Dynasty are mainly composed of two parts, one is the children of bureaucrats and nobles who entered the official position, and the other is the officials who came from the imperial examination. Most of them came from civilian landlords and tended to struggle with the gentry. Officials from the imperial examination are easy to form a party because of their similar political status and the same taste. At that time, the same scholars were called "the same year", the examiners were called "masters" and the admitted scholars were "students". Students are closely related and quote each other, forming a small political circle. Although the gentry landlords have declined and their status has gone from bad to worse, they still look down on the cloth landlords. These two kinds of officials are constantly fighting in the dark, and the "Niu Li Party Struggle" between Changqing (82 1 ~ 824) and Dazhong (849 ~ ~86O) lasts the longest and is the fiercest. The main figures of Niuli Party are Niu Senru, Li Zongmin and Yang Sifu, all of whom are Quan Deyu's proteges. The main figures of the Li Party are: Li Deyu and. Li Deyu is a noble family in Zhao County. He didn't like exams, so he became an official by virtue of his birth. The origins of officials of the two parties are not uniform. Although most of Niu Dang was born as a scholar, some scholars entered the official position with the shadow of the door. Although there are a large number of scholars and officials on Li's side, there are also many people from Jinshi. Many of the struggles between the two parties are meaningless feelings and opinions, but there are also political differences. The differences between these political views are mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, the attitude towards taking scholars in the imperial examination. Niu Dang is in favor of the imperial examination. Li Dang is an individual. For example, Zheng Zhao advocated the abolition of Jinshi. Li Deyu advocated that the court should show officials and apply officials or officials' children. Generally speaking, the attitude of the Niu Party towards the selection of candidates for the imperial examination is reasonable. However, Li Deyu's proposal to abolish some drawbacks in the imperial examination system, such as calling for the abolition of the "Jinshi List" and "Qujiang Banquet", is reasonable and should be affirmed. Therefore, we can neither generalize that Li Party advocated abolishing the imperial examination nor generalize that Niu Party was right to support the imperial examination. Second, the attitude towards the buffer zone. Li Deyu advocated resolutely pacifying the rebellious central buffer region. Li Deyu's father, Li Jifu, was the prime minister of Tang Xianzong and advocated weakening the power of the buffer region. He used to be "over thirty-six, and every town is easy." When Li Deyu was prime minister in Tang Wuzong, he resolutely put down the rebellion in Zhao Yi town by force, while Niu Dang advocated taking a palliative attitude towards the buffer region. When the imperial court used troops against the buffer region, the Cattle Party often took a negative or even obstructive attitude. In the fifth year of Daiwa (83 1), Lu Youbing and Ma Bianfu rebelled against Yang Zhicheng. Tang Wenzong asked Prime Minister Niu Senru how to deal with it. Niu Senru thinks that john young has not belonged to the central government since the history of An 'an, and advocates that we should not pay attention to his disobedience. When Tang Wenzong asked, "When will the world be peaceful?" Niu Monk-ru replied, "It's too quiet. Today, the four barbarians will not invade, and the people will not leave. Although unreasonable, it is also called a well-off society. If your majesty does not seek peace, I can't do it. " In the view of the Niudang, the separatist regime in the buffer region is not a problem, but a normal phenomenon, so we should ignore it. Third, the attitude towards Buddhism. Buddhism had an unprecedented development in the Tang Dynasty, but Buddhist activities consumed a lot of money, and Buddhist temples occupied a lot of land and a large number of working people. Buddhists do not serve or pay taxes, which greatly affects the country's fiscal revenue and military resources. In addition, some Buddhists also interfere in political affairs. In this way, whether politically or militarily, especially economically, although the Tang government wanted to use Buddhism, the contradictions and conflicts between them were developing day by day. During Huichang period (84 1 ~ 846), under the sponsorship of Li Deyu, Tang Wuzong took measures to destroy the Buddha, abolishing 4,600 temples, demolishing 40,000 small temples such as Zhao Ti and Lan Ruo, restoring more than 260,000 monks and nuns, releasing the temple maid/kloc-0.5 million as a second-tax household, confiscating tens of millions of acres of temple land and destroying the Buddha statues with cast iron. It has greatly dealt a blow to the Buddhist forces. In the Tang Xuanzong, Li Deyu was demoted and the Niudang came to power, which immediately abolished Li Deyu's measures to destroy Buddha. Fourth, reduce redundant staff. Li Deyu believes that "it is better to save trouble than provincial officials, and provincial officials are not as good as provincial officials, so we can simplify the complex and treat the problem sincerely". In order to streamline the organization and improve administrative efficiency, he dismissed more than 2,000 redundant officials, which not only saved expenses such as salaries and reduced the burden on the people, but also dismissed redundant officials, which was very helpful to clarify the management of officials and improve work efficiency. But as soon as the Niudang came to power, it said, "People who wear clothes will be wronged." Immediately resumed the appointment of a large number of redundant staff who were dismissed. In addition, the two parties also have differences in their relations with neighboring ethnic groups such as Uighurs, finance, and attitudes towards eunuchs. Generally speaking, the Li Party is in the majority. Factional struggle is a struggle for power and interests within the ruling class in the late Tang Dynasty, which has no more positive significance, but has played a role in weakening the ruling power of the Tang Dynasty. These three factors are the main reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty. It eventually led to a nationwide peasant uprising and the collapse of the rule of the Tang Dynasty. Twenty years after the peasant uprising was suppressed, it was finally replaced by Zhu Quanzhong, a traitor of the peasant uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. Any powerful dynasty has a premise-chaos in the previous dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty was a very powerful dynasty, and the rule of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty for more than 20 years laid a solid foundation for the Tang Dynasty. Li Shimin saw the granary near Luoyang (around 622 AD, when the Sui Dynasty had perished and just defeated Wang) and said that the grain left by the Sui Dynasty was enough for us to eat for three lives, which is why the achievements made in the Zhenguan period were so brilliant. However, the glory of the Sui Dynasty was based on the great turmoil in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties nearly 400 years after the demise of the Han Dynasty. Such turmoil is a process of reshuffle, which greatly weakens the phenomenon of land merger and concentration in society and provides conditions for the broad masses of people to "repair themselves." However, the Tang Dynasty was not an ideal society. Like previous dynasties, with the stability of society, land annexation is becoming more and more serious and social contradictions are becoming increasingly fierce. Of course, although the Tang Dynasty was civilized, there were hidden dangers of ethnic conflicts, and the central government's control over local armed forces became weaker and weaker (because of the concentration of land, the state's fiscal revenue became less and less effective, and it was even more impossible to control the army. You know, the army always thinks milk is the mother. In the end, the Anshi Rebellion appeared an unfavorable situation of external expansion. In fact, during the establishment of the dynasty, rebellion was normal, but if the state finance could not support the army in counterinsurgency, weakness was inevitable.

Finance will also affect a country's political structure. The more a country wants to maintain its armament, the higher its administrative cost and the heavier the burden on civilians, which makes the people more and more dissatisfied and more people participate in the rebellion. As a result, this country has entered a vicious circle, and its demise is foreseeable.

The civil service groups of all previous dynasties regarded the virtuous king and the virtuous minister as the necessary conditions for prosperity, but in fact this was not the case. People who can survive after chaos are often strong, and Excellence is inevitable. But if there is no condition for reshuffle after chaos, these people can't create so-called prosperity. At the beginning of each dynasty, as long as the rulers are not too uneducated, they will generally stop and let the people go, and the people will try their best to save them.

All the civilizations in this world are in such a relationship, so is East Rome and so is West Rome. Even in modern times, there are examples of Napoleon and Hitler. The laws of history cannot be changed by one person or a group of people. So is the Tang Dynasty!