Details of the Yellow River

The Yellow River, also known as the river of China in ancient times, originated from the Bayan Kara Mountains in Qinghai Province, China, and flowed through nine provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong, and finally flowed into the Bohai Sea in Kenli County, Dongying, Shandong Province. The main river is 5,464 kilometers long, second only to the Yangtze River, and is the second longest river in China. The Yellow River is also the fifth longest river in the world.

The Yellow River reaches Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a total length of 3,472 kilometers. The middle reaches are from Hekou Town to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, with a river length of 1206 km. Below Taohuayu is the downstream, with a river length of 786 kilometers. There are many opinions on the division of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Resources Commission is adopted here. The Yellow River runs through China from east to west, with a length of 1.900 km from east to west and a width of1.654,38+0.000 km from north to south, with a total area of 752,443 square kilometers.

The annual average flow of the Yellow River 1774.5 m3/s, the annual average natural runoff of the whole river is 58 billion m3, the annual average runoff depth of the basin is 77 mm, the per capita water volume of the basin is 593 m3, and the per mu yield of cultivated land is 324 m3.

The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and tributaries bring a lot of sediment, making the Yellow River the largest river with sediment concentration in the world. The annual maximum sediment discharge is 3965438+ 1 100 million tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration is 920kg/m3( 1977). The average sediment discharge of Sanmenxia Station for many years is about 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

The length is 5464 km, the source is 4800 m above sea level, and the average flow is 1774.5 m? /s

The drainage area is 752443 km? The source of Qinghai Province is injected into Bohai Sea.

It flows through the whole country, People's Republic of China (PRC) and People's Republic of China (PRC).

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. As the birthplace of Chinese civilization, it maintains the blood of the descendants of the Chinese people and is a symbol of the national spirit and feelings of the Chinese nation.

The Yellow River, like a lion with its back bowed and its head held high, crosses the mountains of Qinghai and Gansu provinces from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Hetao Plain across Ningxia and Inner Mongolia; Pentium in the ravine between Shanxi and Shaanxi; Break through the "Longmen", turn around at the foot of Huashan Mountain in Xiyue, cross the North China Plain, and head for the coast of Bohai Sea. It flows through 9 provinces and autonomous regions and gathers more than 40 main tributaries and 1000 streams and rivers, with a journey of 5,464 kilometers and a drainage area of more than 750,000 square kilometers, making it the second largest river in China. The average annual precipitation in the whole basin is about 400 mm, while the average annual runoff of the Yellow River is only 57.4 billion cubic meters, ranking eighth among Chinese rivers. There are more than 200 million mu of cultivated land in the basin, and the population is about 654.38+0 billion along the Yulu River downstream. The Yellow River is rich in water resources and underground mineral deposits in the basin. People of all ethnic groups have worked hard here for generations, creating splendid ancient culture and becoming the cradle of the Chinese nation.

There have been many stories about the source of the Yellow River in history. As early as the first half of the 7th century, it was suggested that Kariqu was the source of the Yellow River, but it was not recognized. Du Fu's poems in Yuan Dynasty in A.D. 1280 and Laxi in Qing Dynasty in A.D. 1704 arrived in Xinghai to find the source of the river. Therefore, the saying that Xinghai is Heyuan has been circulating for many years. After the founding of New China, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission organized an expedition to the source of the Yellow River in August 1952, with Yuegu Zonglie as the main source of the Yellow River. For more than 20 years, although mistakes have been made, many people have raised questions. Until the summer of 1978, the Heyuan investigation team was organized again and went into the Heyuan area for on-the-spot investigation. In the west of Heyuan area, there are three rivers flowing into Su Xinghai. They are Zhaqu River, Yuegu Zonglie River and Kariqu River. Zhaqu has the shortest flow and smaller water volume, which can only be regarded as a tributary of Yuegu Zongle Qu. Compared with Kariqu, Yuegu Zonglie Qu is nearly 30 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 700 square kilometers and more than twice as much water. Therefore, the basis for determining Kariqu as the positive source of the Yellow River is sufficient. Kariqu originated in Geziya Mountain at the northern foot of Bayan Kara at an altitude of 4,800 meters. The clear water overflowed from several springs at the foot of the mountain is the initial flow of the Yellow River, which "roars Wan Li and moves Longmen".

The cradle of the Chinese nation

"Yellow River, you are the cradle of the Chinese nation, and 5,000 years of ancient culture originated from you ..." This is the lyrics of the famous song Ode to the Yellow River. Whenever people sing this song, they will be immersed in infinite memories of the Yellow River.

As early as 800,000 years ago in the Paleolithic Age, the ancestors of the Chinese nation lived a life of hunting and gathering in the Yellow River Basin. More than 2,000 primitive village sites have been found in the Yellow River Basin, indicating that in the Neolithic Age, ancestors settled in this vast land and engaged in primitive agricultural production.

In the middle Neolithic period, the Huangdi tribe scattered on the loess plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. At that time, Chiyou tribe and Yan Di tribe were the three major tribes in ancient China. They live a nomadic life of uncertain migration. Later, Emperor Yan and Huangdi joined forces to attack and kill Chiyou. Soon, Yan Di people and Huangdi people gradually merged and settled in Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi to jointly develop the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which entered the slave society more than 3,500 years ago, are all descendants of the Chinese people. They call themselves "Hua" or "Xia". Chinese is the predecessor of the Han nationality, so the Han people regard the Yellow Emperor as their ancestors and call themselves descendants of the Yellow Emperor. At that time, China people lived in the Central Plains and were considered to be among the four directions, so they were also called "China". Later, Chinese culture spread all over the country, and the word "China" became the name of China.

For thousands of years, the Yellow River valley was the center of feudal rule, and the struggle of the broad masses of working people against oppression was also continuous. Chen Sheng and Guangwu in the late Qin Dynasty, Red Eyebrows, Bronze Horses and Yellow Scarves in the Han Dynasty, Wagang Army in the late Sui Dynasty, Huang Chao and Wang Xianzhi in the Tang Dynasty and Li Zicheng and Zhang in the late Ming Dynasty all staged magnificent historical dramas in this land of the Yellow River Basin. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was a reliable revolutionary base for the people of China until the great People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded.

In the long historical years, the Yellow River has nurtured the Chinese nation. Chinese sons and daughters have created splendid ancient culture. We are proud of the Yellow River and sing for it.

Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the word "river" was basically the proper name of the Yellow River, and the river was called "Sichuan" or "water" (but there were exceptions, such as the book of Mountains and Seas, which said: "Kunlun Mountain runs across Wan Li, with a height of 1,000 miles, reaching 50,000 miles in Shan Hao, surrounded by Qinghe, Baihe and Heihe." ) The word "Yellow River" can't be found in the pre-Qin literature, and the statement of the Yellow River can't be found in the full text of Historical Records written by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. According to the textual research of scholar Li Erong, the word Yellow River first appeared in the explanation of "Yuanshi County in Changshan County" in the Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word "yellow" of the Yellow River is used to describe the turbidity of the river. It has long been recorded in ancient books: Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Eight Years in the Warring States Period, and the son of Zheng quoted Yizhou Poetry as saying, "Initiate river clearing, life geometry!" ; "Erya Shi Shui" records that "the river flows out of Kunlun, the color is white, and the canal is 1701 rivers, and the color is yellow."

Xinghu Lake in the upper reaches of the Yellow River consists of a large number of Shui Bo and Haizi, such as Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake. Under the sunshine, countless lakes and swamps in Xinghu Lake are dazzling, just like proud peacocks, very beautiful and spectacular. Therefore, local Tibetan residents call this section of the Yellow River "rma chu", which means "Peacock River". Maqu County, Gansu Province is named after this reach.

Hydrological Characteristics The source of the Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell the Tuguhun rebellion, Li Jing, Hou, Li Daozong and other generals once led troops to the area around the Star Sea. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contains them "visiting the stars, Suzhou, Dabahai, Jishishan and Heyuan." . Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai. 13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".

In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River. When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source. After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan. At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lama Chu Er Qin Zangbo, Lamu Zhanba and the president of the hospital were sent to Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results are drawn into the imperial map. This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.

In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1782), Amitabha, the bodyguard of Mingmen in Qianlong, paid tribute to Heyuan. Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.

/kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to carry out investigation activities. They also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Aka, Indian, Doutole and Oren, French, PuR Val, snook, kozlov, Faessler and Tepel.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he visited the source of the Yellow River many times. From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months. Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated. During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below. From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot. He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song. From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.

boundary

There are different opinions about the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides Hekou Town and Taohuayu into upper, middle and lower reaches. Traditional middle school textbooks divide Hekou Town and Jin Meng into upper, middle and lower reaches. Scholar Yang thinks Qingtongxia and Harmony are more suitable. Scholar Xu advocated Jiayingguan in Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This paper adopts the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.

Upstream

The first Yellow River Bridge in Lanzhou is the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia. The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, and the basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total Yellow River. The total upstream drop is 3496m, with an average gradient of10 ‰; There are 43 large tributaries (basin area 1000 square kilometers or more), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the whole river; The upper reaches of the Yellow River only account for 8% of the annual sediment discharge of the whole river, with more water and less sediment, which is the clear water source of the Yellow River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Qingshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Anima, Qinghai, with an S-shaped bend. According to the different characteristics of rivers, the upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: source section, canyon section and alluvial plain section.

The upper part of Qinghai Kariqu to Qinghai Guide Longyangxia is the Heyuan section. Heyuan section starts from Kariqu, passes through Xingsuhai, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake to Maduo, bypasses Qingshan and Xiqingshan in Anima, and reaches Guide in Qinghai via Longyangxia. Most of the rivers in this section flow through the plateau of three or four kilometers, and the rivers are tortuous, with lakes, swamps and grass beaches on both sides. The water quality is clear, the water flow is stable and the water yield is large. There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the reach, both above 4260 meters above sea level, with storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 654.38+0.08 billion cubic meters respectively, which are the largest plateau freshwater lakes in China. The Yellow River runs from Maduo, Qinghai Province to Maqu, Gansu Province, and flows through the ancient basin and low hills between Bayankala and Animaqing Mountain. Most river sections have wide valleys, and occasionally there are canyons. The Yellow River runs from Maqu, Gansu Province to Longyangxia, Guide, Qinghai Province, and flows through high mountains and canyons, with fast-flowing water and abundant hydraulic resources. Baihe and Heihe rivers, tributaries originating in Minshan, Sichuan, join the Yellow River in this section.

The section from Longyangxia in Qinghai to Qingtongxia in Ningxia is a canyon section. This section of the river flows through mountainous hills. Due to different rock properties, river valleys and wide valleys appear alternately: river valleys are formed in hard gneiss, granite and Nanshan metamorphic rocks, while wide valleys are formed in loose sand shale and red rock series. There are 20 canyons in this section, including Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujiaxia Gorge, Bapan Gorge and Qingtongxia. There are cliffs on both sides of the canyon, with narrow riverbed, steep river slope and rapid water flow. From Guide to Lanzhou, this section is one of the concentrated reaches of the three major tributaries of the Yellow River, and the inflow of important tributaries such as Taohe River and Huangshui River has greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River. The reach from Longyangxia to Xiaheyan River in Ningxia is a "mine-rich" area of the Yellow River and one of the important hydropower bases in China.

Qingtongxia in Ningxia to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia is an alluvial plain. After leaving Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeast along the northwest boundary of Ordos Plateau, and then reaches Hekou Town eastward. Most of the areas along the river are deserts and desert grasslands, and there is basically no tributary injection. The river bed of the main stream is gentle and the water flow is slow. On both sides are large alluvial plains, namely the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. There are floods and ice disasters in the plain along the Yangtze River to varying degrees. Hetao Plain starts from Xiaheyan in Ningxia in the west and reaches Hekou Town in Inner Mongolia in the east, with a length of 900 kilometers and a width of 30-50 kilometers. It is a famous irrigation area for diverting water from the Yellow River with a long irrigation history. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the Yellow River is full of disasters and there is only one set of wealth".

middle reaches

The reach of the Yellow River between Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia and Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 1.206 km and a drainage area of 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 45.7% of the total drainage area. The total drop in the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average gradient of 0.74 ‰; This river has 30 major tributaries; The increased water volume accounts for 42.5% of the Yellow River water volume, and the increased sediment volume accounts for 92% of the whole Yellow River sediment volume, which is the main source of the Yellow River sediment.

Hekou Town to Yumenkou is the longest continuous canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River-Shanxi Canyon. Most tributaries in the reach flow through the loess hilly and gully region, which is the main source of coarse sediment in the Yellow River, and the annual average sediment transport of the whole river is 900 million tons from this region. This reach is the second largest hydropower base of the Yellow River with large gradient and abundant hydraulic resources. There is a famous Hukou Waterfall in the lower part of the canyon, with a deep trough width of only 30-50 meters and a low water level drop of about 18 meters, which is magnificent.

From Yumenkou to Sanmenxia, the Yellow River flows through the Wei Fen Plain, the valley widens and the water flows slowly. On both sides of the reach are Weibei and Jinnan loess tablelands, which are important agricultural areas in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. This reach has accepted Fenhe River, Luohe River, Jinghe River, Weihe River, Luo Yi River, Qinhe River and other important tributaries, and is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with an average annual output of 550 million tons. The reach is located in the channel from Yumenkou to Tongguan (that is, the small north main stream of the Yellow River) 132.5km, with drastic changes in erosion and deposition, and the channel is very unstable from side to side. Constrained by the mountains near Tongguan, the valley suddenly narrows, forming a natural bayonet with a width of only 1000 meters. The level of Tongguan river bed is closely related to the changes of erosion and deposition in the Xiaobei main stream of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of the Weihe River, so the hydrological term "Tongguan elevation" is used.

Sanmenxia to Taohuayu section is divided into two parts from Xiaolangdi: above Xiaolangdi, the river is between Zhongtiao Mountain and hill, which is the last canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River; The valley below Xiaolangdi gradually widens, which is the transition section of the Yellow River from mountainous area to plain.

lower reaches

The Yellow River below Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 786 kilometers and a drainage area of only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the total drainage area. The total downstream drop is 93.6m, with an average gradient of 0.1.2 ‰; The increased water volume in the interval accounts for 3.5% of the water volume of the Yellow River. Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, the downstream reaches have been silted for a long time to form a world-famous "aboveground river", and the Yellow River has become a watershed between the Haihe River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin. Except for the Dawen River flowing from Dongping Lake, there are no big tributaries in this section.

Except for the low hills between Dongping Lake on the south bank and Jinan, the lower reaches depend on dikes, with a total length of 1.400 km. Historically, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often burst, which brought heavy disasters to the Chinese nation. Because the lower reaches of the Yellow River flow from southwest to northeast, the north of the Yellow River freezes first in winter, forming ice flood. Ice dams are easily blocked by the overflow of ice, which leads to the overflow of dikes and poses a serious threat.

Below the downstream Lijin is the Yellow River estuary. Due to sediment deposition, the mouth of the Yellow River keeps extending and swinging. At present, the Yellow River estuary is located at the intersection of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, which is a new channel formed by the siltation of Qingshuigou after the artificial diversion of 1976. In recent 40 years, the average sediment transported by the Yellow River to the estuary area is about 654.38+100 million tons/year, with an average annual net land of 25 to 30 square kilometers.

Major tributaries and lakes

The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Kuye, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe.

The main lakes on the Yellow River are Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Dongping Lake.

Mainstream canyon

There are 30 canyons in the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons. The canyon section of the main stream is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream. Mangga Gorge-Duoshi Gorge-Maiduotang Magong Gorge-Guan Cang Gorge-Laga Gorge-Yehu Gorge-Lagan Gorge-Longyang Gorge-Ashigong Gorge-Songba Gorge-Lijiaxia-Gongbo Gorge-Jishi Gorge-Sigou Gorge-Liujiaxia-Niubizi Gorge-Zhulama Gorge-Yanguo Gorge-Bapan Gorge-Chaijia Gorge

The Yellow River is called the mother river of Chinese civilization. Over 2000 BC, the Chinese nation was formed and multiplied in the Central Plains of the Yellow River.

Yellow river picture:/pic/111459 793131860464 _ small.jpg.