Huizhou folk custom

Huizhou dialect, also known as Hui dialect, is a new Chinese dialect in Atlas of Chinese Language. Some scholars tend to classify Hui dialect as Wu dialect. Huizhou dialect is a generalized Wu dialect, which belongs to Wu dialect in Yan Hui.

That is, the old Huizhou government (including Tunxi District, Xiuning County, yi county, Qimen County, Shexian County, Huizhou District, huangshan district (only in Tangkou Town and Tanjiaqiao Town in the south), Jixi County and Wuyuan County in the south of Xin 'anjiang River Basin) and the old Yanzhou government (including Chun 'an, Sui 'an and Jiande in the northwest of Zhejiang Province, excluding the dry beach). Hui language is spoken in Shexian, Jixi, Jingde, Tunxi, Xiuning, yi county, Qimen, Ningguo (limited to Hongmen Township in the south), East (limited to Langmu Pagoda in the southeast), Shitai (limited to a large area) and other cities and counties.

Language classification of Hui nationality

Hui language (Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, etc.) in Sheshe films. )

Zhan Jing film emblem language (Xie Jing Xixiang dialect, Zhan, etc. )

The emblem language of Xiumian (Tunxi dialect, Xiuning dialect, Yixian dialect, etc.). )

Wuqi film emblem language (Qimen dialect, Wuyuan dialect, etc. ); And floating beams and Dexing)

Yanzhou film emblem language (the emblem language of the former Yanzhou state capital of Zhejiang Province, including Jiande dialect, Chun 'an dialect, Sui 'an dialect, etc. )

Characteristics of Hui Language

Hui language retains many grammatical rules and pronunciations of ancient Chinese. It is characterized by softness, soothing and cadence. Since ancient times, because Huizhou is located in the mountainous area, the communication between districts and counties is limited, and the pronunciation cannot be unified. The pronunciation of Huizhou dialect in southern Anhui is very different. Even in a county, people often can't communicate normally in their own emblem language.

Huizhou dialect has a certain connection with Wu dialect, but the dialects of counties in Huizhou area are different. Ming Jiajing's "Huizhou Fuzhi" contains: "The languages of the six cities are unreasonable, and the dialects are similar, unless they are from Wu." The topography of Huizhou is dominated by hills and mountains, which is an extremely important factor that causes the "Gushan" dialect. In addition, Huizhou is located at the junction of Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, and various dialects are easy to penetrate, especially the frequent exchanges between Huizhou merchants, which has brought complex influences to the formation of Huizhou dialects. However, Huizhou dialect is, after all, a single system of dialect as a whole, which has its own rules and similarities in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Phonetically speaking, most of them are sharp sounds; Nasal consonant G, which interacts with K and X, is the standard root sound of the tongue. There is no "day [z]" but "[n]"; N rhyme is serious, such as "cat" pronounced as "person" in Xiuning dialect; Qimen dialect "cat" is pronounced as "cotton"; The word "cat" in Yixian dialect is pronounced as "destiny", which is similar in nature and function to the word "er" in Putonghua, except that it does not roll its tongue. Huizhou dialect has an entering tone, except Xiuning dialect, which is similar to the throat of Wu dialect, but it is not a real throat. There are many unique dialect words in Huizhou dialect, but there are differences among counties and origins. Some words still follow the ancient meaning, such as "first" or "sir"; "All kinds" are "short and messy beards"; "Nature" means "luck" and so on. Huizhou dialect has some unique morphemes with grammatical functions, among which "Ren" and "Da Jia" are plural. Some have structural combinations, indicating people in a certain field, such as "Yi", while others indicate affiliation, such as "Ge". Some unique verbs have many meanings, but they are not vague in sentences. For example, the word "emperor" has the meaning of "want", "want" and "want". How to use it in a sentence is clear at a glance. To indicate repetitive actions, in addition to adding adverb "zai" as an adverbial before the predicate, sometimes "Tian" is added at the end of the sentence, such as "eat another bowl of Tian".

Historically, Huizhou governed six counties, and Huizhou dialect actually refers to Shexian dialect, Jixi dialect, Xiuning dialect, yi county dialect, Qimen dialect and Wuyuan dialect. As for Jingde County, Taiping County and shitai county, which were assigned to Huizhou after liberation, most of their languages belong to Jiangguan dialect, but they are generally not assigned to Huizhou dialect. Shexian county has long been under the jurisdiction of prefectures and counties, governing Xiuning, Jixi and other places, so the so-called Huizhou dialect should be represented by Shexian dialect. However, during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, coastal areas and foreigners moved into Tunxi one after another, and the population of Tunxi surged, which was once called "little shanghai". After liberation, Tunxi has long been the seat of this area, and Tunxi dialect can also be the representative of Huizhou dialect to some extent. Nuo Opera (Pinyin: nuó xì), also known as Nuo Dance, is a popular traditional dance in the Yangtze River valley of China. Dancers wear all kinds of simple and exaggerated masks with distinctive witchcraft colors. It was originally a prayer and prayer ceremony. It is recorded in The Analects of Confucius, Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Events and Etiquette of the Later Han Dynasty. On May 20th, 2006, Nuo Dance was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Huizhou is one of the regions with the richest Nuo culture. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been names of "Square Dance" and "Twelve Gods Dance", especially Wuyuan Nuo Dance and Qimen Nuo Dance.

Wuyuan Nuo dance, commonly known as "ghost dance" or "dancing ghosts", has a long history, many programs and unique styles. It is a living fossil in the study of the history of ancient dance art in China, which has attracted the attention of experts and scholars at home and abroad. Nuo dance is quite popular in Qingyuan Village, Qiukou Township and Likeng Village.

There are forty or fifty kinds of masks of Nuo dance, which are generally wood carvings, vivid, loyal, treacherous, ignorant, sad and happy. There are dozens of traditional programs of Nuo dance, such as Creation of the Earth, Liu Hai Beating Golden Toad, Two Monkeys Catching Ticks, Shooting the Sun in Houyi, Zhang Fei Sacrificing a Gun, Drunk Judge, and the Monkey King Descending Rat Essence. The dance moves are rough and simple. Wuyuan has 100 more than 200 Nuo dances. The exorcism class in Changjing Village, Qiukou Town has 19 actors and more than 30 masks, including 4 original woodcarving masks, which can perform 24 programs. The performance is simple, rough, exaggerated and concise. For example, in Genesis, the dancer hangs a mask of Pangu on his head, holding a big axe and chopping on all sides, showing the heroic spirit of Pangu, who created Gankun. "Drunk Judge" shows the drunken state in which the judge and the child play and play, with distinctive characters and interesting life. Dancing Flowers is a large-scale dance drama, which tells the historical story of Qin Ershi and Hu Hai usurping the throne. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, painters in Huizhou area and the main Huizhou painters living in other places at that time were good at describing their hometown with pen and ink and expressing their feelings through scenery. In painting theory, they admire the painter's personality and integrity, and their painting style tends to be desolate, with a distinctive literati yi pin style, which makes them shine brilliantly in China painting circles in the17th century. Because these painters have the same geographical relationship, life belief and painting style, they are called "Xin 'an Painting School".

Xin 'an Painting School has many members and strong strength. There are nearly 80 people with considerable painting skills, among whom about 20 are outstanding, which are divided into four levels: pioneers Cheng Jiasui, Li Yongchang and Li; Jian Jiang, the leader of the painting school; In its heyday, the main members were Yu, Wang Jisu, Wu, Cheng Sui, Dai Benxiao, Shun Tiansheng, Cheng Zhengqi, Zheng Lian, Wang Zhirui, Sun Yi, Cha Shibiao, Wang Hongdu and Xue Zhuang. Modern successor Huang. It is a printmaking school that rose in Huizhou in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Huizhou printmaking originated from engraving books, began in the Southern Song Dynasty, flourished in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually declined in the early Qing Dynasty. Huizhou prints flourished in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and Huizhou prints flourished in Wanli period of Qing Dynasty to Shunzhi period. From its rise, prosperity, innovation and dissemination, a complete Huizhou printmaking system has gradually formed.

The 1930s and 1980s were the preparation period for the birth and development of "New Huizhou Printmaking". These main figures are Lai Shaoqi, Zhengzhen and Shi Songling. After the mid-1980s, Anhui New Huizhou Printmaking entered a diversified period, and a group of young printmakers emerged. Among them, a new generation of printmakers, represented by Zhang Guolin, advanced along the road of "New Huizhou School" initiated by the older generation of printmakers. Laba: The eighth day of the twelfth lunar month is Laba Festival, hence the name "twelfth lunar month". As soon as the "Laba" is over and the Spring Festival is approaching, every household should start cleaning the dust at home from Laba. On that day, we will eat Laba porridge. After Laba, every household will start to kill Nian pigs, treat each other to pig-killing wine, make zongzi, make preserved rice, fry oil tofu, stir-fry peanuts and broad beans, make sesame sugar and frozen rice sugar. It is also necessary for people to arrange their own wedding activities on this day, so there is a folk saying: "Laba Laba is a good day, how many older women become older women?"

Lunar New Year's Eve: December 24th of the lunar calendar, commonly known as "New Year's Day". Late the night before, every household had to offer sacrifices to stoves, commonly known as "sending stoves". Pray for the Kitchen God to speak well in front of the Jade Emperor and bless the family. In this small year, paintings of ancestors are hung in front of each ancestral hall, which records the names of ancestors in previous dynasties or draws portraits of ancestors. Set up a candlestick incense table, buy a tribute, and take your ancestors home for the New Year. From this day on, every household cleaned furniture, dismantled and washed bedding, swept away dust and greeted the New Year cleanly.

February 2 nd: February 2 nd in the lunar calendar is the birthday of the land god. The ancient Huizhou is called "the dragon looks up" probably because there is more rain in midsummer and thunder can be heard, so there is this saying. In rural areas, farmers are forbidden to go to the fields and women are forbidden to do needlework on this day. This is the custom in Jixi County. On this day, jiaozi is wrapped in a liter of glutinous rice to worship the land god. February 2 is also the birthday of Baihua, so it is also called "Flower Festival". On this day, the literati decorated flowers, held a Wenchang meeting and competed for poetry.

Chongyang Temple Fair: a traditional temple fair in Linxi Town, a suburb of Jixi. It is held for 3 days before and after, and the ninth day of the ninth lunar month is the day. Good men and believing women from four townships and eight towns came in droves to worship the Bodhisattva King of Zhou and set up a stage for singing. From sunset to sunrise, they stayed up all night, which was really lively. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, temple fairs became authentic fairs for agricultural and sideline products and handicrafts. In the old Huizhou society, farming, business, business and other production industries all had their own rules and customs. The countryside should offer sacrifices to the "God of Grains" and pray for a bumper harvest of crops; Drought often advocates "begging for rain", fasting, and worshipping the dragon goddess in the Dojo; When the cow is transferred, the buyer mainly replaces the old cow rope with the cow rope, which is called "broken rope", which means that both the buyer and the seller can't go back on their word. When a bricklayer builds a house, he should slaughter the rooster and pour chicken blood on the door, which is called "offering sacrifices to the door god" and read "Chicken blood pours east to congratulate the owner on adding children and grandchildren; Chicken blood is soaked in the west, congratulations to the host. " Everyone echoes each other for good luck. Woodworkers worship "Master Lu Ban", and in the morning, they are most afraid that someone will sit on his tool stool, which means sitting on the bench, but there is no business to do. Shops set up a "God of Wealth" to worship the "Grand Commander" all the year round, so as to make a prosperous business and make money.

Reception of the God of Wealth: Huizhou takes the fifth day of the fifth lunar month as the God of Wealth Day, and businessmen often receive the God of Wealth on this day.

Opening ceremony: On the opening day of Huizhou new store, red knots are tied, gold-lettered signboards are hung, firecrackers are set off, and some even music is played to celebrate. Marriage in Huizhou: In the old society, marriage in Huizhou followed the orders of parents and the words of matchmakers. Generally, there are nine procedures: matchmaking, hiring people, invitation, moving marriage, opening a face, welcoming relatives, paying homage to the bride, making trouble in the bridal chamber and returning to the door. Matchmakers are generally older women and are called "matchmakers". Employment is commonly known as "sending baggage". If the woman returns the gift on the same day, the marriage will be settled. After the engagement, the man chooses the wedding date and informs the woman. This is called "invitation". Please move and get married in the future On the wedding day, my aunt or aunt twisted the hair on the bride's forehead with two silk threads, which is called "Face Opening" or "Lamian Noodles". Then there is the wedding ceremony, paying homage to the bride and making trouble in the bridal chamber. On the third day after marriage, Xin Lan accompanied the bride to visit her parents, which was called "returning home". This is "the Ming media is marrying." There are other special forms of marriage, such as child marriage, concubinage, snatch marriage, adoption and pre-marital wedding. After 1950s, parents' arranged marriage was gradually replaced by free love, and the marriage was simple. After 80' s, some took the form of tourism knot and collective wedding.

Shangjiu Temple Fair: The ninth day of the first lunar month is the martyrdom day of Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan in Tang Dynasty. Every year, a temple fair is held in Yansi Town, Huizhou District, commonly known as Shangjiu Festival. The session lasts for three days, starting from the eighth day and ending on the tenth day. During the temple fair, activities to worship the gods were held and operas were staged. Vendors from all over the country also rushed to catch the meeting and set up stalls. All kinds of agricultural and sideline products, farm tools and daily necessities are readily available. Now, the "Shanghai Nine Games" has lost its original significance of commemorating Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, cancelled the spirit wandering activities and turned into an annual material exchange meeting.

Folk tourism activities in Xidi Village, Yixian County. On the side of the street, a small and exquisite, simple and elegant "embroidered building" hangs in the village's "Dafu Land" of the Qing Dynasty residence. This is the original owner, Dr. Hu, who let his wife and ladies have a rest and sightseeing. Now people regard it as an embroidered building for throwing colored balls, which is very interesting.

Mulian Opera: An ancient drama in Huizhou, which is popular in all parts of Huangshan City and neighboring counties, especially Qimen and Shitai. The play was edited by Zheng Zhizhen, a native of Qimen in Ming Dynasty, and it is divided into three volumes (100 discount). The story is mainly about Fu Xiang's wife, Liu Qingti, who blasphemes and is thrown into hell. His son Vorob is eager to save his mother, cross the Ten Halls of Hell, and finally reunite with his mother. In the old days, in the year of the leap month in the summer calendar, Huizhou folk often staged this play to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters. Lifting the pavilion is a popular folk entertainment activity in Xiuning and Tunxi, also known as "lifting the horn". The exhibition hall is divided into upper, middle and lower floors. Handsome children were dressed up as drama stories and placed on the third floor pavilion. The chassis is carried by four or eight big men. Around the exhibition hall, lanterns such as Jackie Chan, Phoenix, Crane, Xiangyun and Huashui are tied with paper. During the parade, candles were lit in lanterns, reflecting brightly dressed children. From a distance, it looks like a fairy.

Luohan: a kind of folk entertainment popular in Yecun, Shexian County. During the performance, the actor wore red trousers, was topless and had a face painted with facial makeup. The actors are all men, and the performance is simple and rough. Before the performance, there will be an altar ceremony, burning paper and incense, and Lohan sweeping the hall, and then the actors will take the stage or perform in the square one after another. Actors don't talk or sing. Under the simple beat of drums, they performed the boy worshipping Guanyin, slanting flag, fairy bridge, stone monkey coming out of the mountain, Liuzhu archway, Liangshui Pavilion, water curtain cave and Jin Chan in Bangzi Opera.

War Drum: A folk dance popular in Xiuning, Yucun and Liyang in Tunxi, also known as "Victory Drum". Legend has it that Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, generals of the Tang Dynasty, beat drums on Mount Anlu to celebrate their victory over the rebels. This dance is performed by dozens of people. The drummer dressed as a soldier, short and tight, hung with the Red Cross, hung with a war drum (flat round leather drum) around his neck, held a short and thick drumstick in his right hand and a healthy bell in his left hand, and made a clear sound as he marched. There are a pair of red lanterns in front of the queue. One person held a banner with the words "Victory Drum", followed by a team of centipede flags.

Zhong Kui Dance: Folk dance, also known as "Zhong Kui", is popular in Yansi Town, Huizhou District and Zhujia Village, Shexian County. It is said that this custom existed in Wanli period. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, these areas carry puppets to "beat Zhong Kui". Later, people played Zhong Kui and marched in the village. In Qitian Village, Zhengcun Town, Shexian County, this activity is held every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, which is really lively.