High school geography compulsory 2 review materials urgently.

1. 1 population change

1. The natural population growth in a region is determined by the birth rate and death rate. [memory]

2. Several important population days: 6 billion World Population Day (1999/112); World population day is 5 billion (1987/7/11); China has a population of1300 million (2005/ 1/6). [memory]

3. Historical stages of population growth (understanding and memory)

Characteristics of population changes in different periods.

Before the agricultural revolution, the population was small, the population growth was slow, the productivity level was low and the mortality rate was high.

During the agricultural revolution, the population increased rapidly, and the level of productivity, medical conditions and life expectancy all improved.

After the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world's population growth rate has obviously accelerated, productivity and quality of life have been continuously improved, and the mortality rate has gradually decreased.

4. Reasons for the rapid population growth since the 20th century, especially in the past 100 years: (Understanding memory)

/kloc-in the past 0/00 years, with the progress of production tools and social productivity, the scope of human development, utilization and transformation of the natural environment has been continuously expanded, and the ability to resist various disasters and diseases has been continuously improved, which has enhanced human utilization and adaptability to the natural environment and further reduced the mortality rate.

5. The number of natural population growth in a certain area is influenced by the natural population growth rate and population base. (Understanding memory)

6. Comparison of population changes between developed and developing countries: (Understanding memory)

Analysis on the characteristics of population growth at the level of natural growth rate: an example of typical countries in the future.

Developed countries maintain a low level of slow growth, a sound social security system, and a relatively stable change in the concept of fertility. The population of some countries such as Russia, Germany and Japan will gradually decrease.

The relatively high-level population in developing countries is growing rapidly. Among the new population in the world, developing countries account for more than 80%, with political independence, national economic development, progress in medical and health undertakings, declining population mortality and slow population growth. Many countries have implemented population control measures in China, India and Pakistan.

7. The population growth pattern consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate. (memory)

Formula: natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

8. Characteristics (memory) of three population growth models

Characteristics of population model

Original high birth rate, high mortality rate and low natural growth rate

Traditional high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate

Modern low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth rate

9. Changes in the pattern of population growth: [Memory]

The pattern of population growth is from primitive to traditional, and then to modern.

Factors of transformation: productivity level, national policy, social welfare, natural environment and cultural concept.

10, most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is a transitional stage from traditional to modern. [memory]

1.2 Spatial change of population

1. Population migration: People's residence has changed internationally or domestically. [memory]

Judgment of population migration: whether there is geographical mobility (change of administrative location); Whether there is any change of residence; The change of time (usually one year)

2. Types of population migration (according to whether it crosses national boundaries): international migration and domestic migration.

3. Comparison of international population migration before and after World War II: [Memory]

Reasons for migration, special migration route

Before World War II, 1. Colonial expansion and capitalist development

2. The great geographical discovery and the opening of new air routes are mainly based on large-scale migration. 1. Europeans go to America and Africa.

2. African blacks are trafficked to the United States.

3. People from East Asia and South Asia are recruited to the United States.

Uneven economic development among countries after World War II 1. From developing countries to developed countries

2. Settled immigrants decreased and migrant workers increased (foreign workers) 1. Latin Americans go to work in North America.

2. People from South Asia, South Europe and Africa go to work in West Asia.

3. Southern Europe, Africans to Western Europe

4. Population migration since the founding of New China: [Memory]

Reasons, characteristics and direction of migration

Before the mid-1980s, 1. Planned economic system.

2. Strict household registration management system: 1 planned and organized. The state has transferred various personnel from eastern cities to support the construction of western, inland and border areas.

2. A large number of rural population moved from the densely populated areas in the east to the northwest and northeast.

Since the mid-1980s, the policy of reform and opening-up has spontaneously moved towards 1. Inland to coastal areas.

2. Mountain to Plain

3. Poverty-stricken areas to developed areas "migrant workers"

5, the meaning of population migration [understanding]

Adjust the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage, strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, promote economic development, and narrow regional differences.

6, the influence of population migration on immigration and emigration [understanding and memory]

For places where the population moves out, the good effect is to reduce the population density and relieve the pressure of the population on the environment.

Negative effects include the loss of talents and labor.

For the place where people move in: the good influence is the inflow of talents, providing cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development.

The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increasing pressure of population on the environment.

7. Factors affecting population migration: [memory]

(1) changes in natural environment and socio-economic environment (2) changes in personal needs for life or occupation.

Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role.

8. Factors of population migration in ancient China and recent decades: [Understanding and Memory]

Ancient times: mainly wars (Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion, Jingkang Difficulty), followed by frontier expansion, exile, frontier defense, etc.

In recent decades: mainly national policies, social changes, economic development, personal needs, etc.

The reasonable capacity is 1.3 population.

1, the relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity [understanding]

Environmental carrying capacity refers to the population that the environment can continuously support. An important index to measure environmental carrying capacity is the number of environmental population.

2, the concept of environmental population capacity and constraints [memory]

Environmental population capacity is the number of people that a country or region can continuously support in the foreseeable period by using local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology, while ensuring that the material living standard conforms to social and cultural norms. (Maximum population that can be accommodated)

Constraints: resources (in direct proportion), the level of scientific and technological development (in direct proportion) and the level of living and cultural consumption (in inverse proportion).

3, the concept of reasonable population capacity: [memory]

The most suitable population in a country or region under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle and not hindering the quality of life of the future population.

4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

The problems of rapid population growth, population urbanization and urban population aging are becoming more and more serious.

5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]

(1) The international community advocates keeping the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible.

(2) Establish a fair order and ensure that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

2. 1 urban internal spatial structure

1, the concept of urban form: [memory]

Cities occupy a certain space and have a specific external contour shape.

2. Types of urban form: [Memory]

Block, strip and cluster

Distribution area Plain areas are forced to extend along railways, rivers, valleys and other rugged hills and mountains.

For example, Chengdu and Hefei in China, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang and Chongqing in the United States.

3, the agglomeration effect of urban land use [understanding]

The same land use often has the same demand for land space and location, which will lead to the same activities gathering in urban space.

4. There is no clear boundary between functional areas. A functional area is dominated by a certain land use mode, and there may be other types of land. [memory]

5. Functional area comparison [Understanding and Memory]

6, urban regional structure model: [memory]

Concentric mode, multi-core mode, sector mode

7. Economic factors are the main factors that affect the urban internal spatial structure, which is reflected in the ability to pay the rent for various activities. The main factors affecting the ability to pay rent are: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. [Understanding memory]

8. Schematic diagram of decreasing rent-paying capacity of various land use types with distance [understanding]

9. Other factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure: [memory]

(1) Income level leads to residential differentiation.

(2) Historical, cultural or economic reputation

(3) Ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc. )

(4) The influence of early land use.

10, the spatial structure of the city gradually forms and changes with the development of the city [understanding]

Early stage: the functional distinction is not obvious, and the city center attracts industrial agglomeration with market and transportation advantages.

After reaching a certain scale: due to land shortage, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and other problems, factories and enterprises moved out and the urban internal spatial structure changed.

2.2 Service functions of cities of different grades

1, urban classification and basis: [memory]

City grades are generally divided into: market towns, cities, big cities and megacities.

China is divided into megacities (more than 6.5438+0 million), big cities (5-6.5438+0 million), medium-sized cities (200,000-500,000), small cities (less than 200,000), counties and townships and below.

Basis: urban population size

2, the relationship between city level and service scope [understanding]

The city level is low, the types of services are few, and the scope of services is relatively small; The city has a high level, a wide range of services and a wide range of services.

3. Influencing factors of Shanghai's urban grade and service scope change [understanding and memory]

(1) Shanghai is located at the midpoint of the north-south coastline of China, at the mouth of the Yangtze River.

(2) Shanghai has a developed railway network, which makes Shanghai have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market.

(3) Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta with a flat and open terrain.

4. City Grade: [Memory]

The service category and service scope of a city correspond to the level of the city. In the same area, the spatial distribution of cities is also closely related to the level of cities. These different levels of city stewardesses combine to form a regional city-level system.

5, the relationship between the city level and the number of cities, mutual distance [understanding]

The number of cities with higher grades is small and far apart; There are more cities with lower grades and they are closer. (Take southern Germany as an example)

6. Central place theory (combined with Figure 2. 16 Dutch polder settlement planning map)

(1) Around every high-level city, there are always many low-level cities.

(2) The service scope of each high-level city includes several low-level cities.

(3) The service scope of different cities has different levels of nesting.

2.3 Urbanization

1, the meaning of urbanization [understanding]

The number of cities marked by urbanization has increased, the proportion of urban population has increased, and the scale of cities has expanded.

2. Motivation of population migration to cities: [Memory]

Thrust (rural areas): Rapid population growth has brought great pressure on land, natural disasters, low income and shortage of social services.

Larry (City): There are many employment opportunities, high social welfare guarantee, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation.

3, measure the level of urbanization: the proportion of urban population to the total population [memory]

4, the significance of urbanization: [memory]

(1) The economic center of urban regional development can promote regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote urban development.

(2) Promote changes in settlement patterns, modes of production, lifestyles and values.

5, the process of world urbanization [understanding memory]

Common problems of horizontal development speed and regional expansion trend in urbanization stage

At the initial stage, 25% ~ 30% or less, the urban functional land is mixed, and the functional distinction is not clear.

In the middle stage, 30% ~ 70%, suburban urbanization appears relatively high and fast, such as traffic congestion, environmental degradation, housing shortage and so on.

In the later period, more than 70%, high and slow, even stagnant, continue to increase the hollowing out and anti-urbanization of the central part of big cities.

6. Comparison of urbanization between developing countries and developed countries

Developing countries: start late and develop fast; Low level; Unreasonable development (abnormal development); In the early and middle stages

Developed countries: start early; High level; There is anti-urbanization phenomenon; At a later stage

7, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory]

Source hazard

Smoke and dust emitted by air pollution generated by urban residents' life; Smoke and dust emitted by industrial and mining enterprises; Exhaust pollutants emitted by various vehicles include smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health (London fog and haze incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain).

Water pollution, industrial wastewater and domestic sewage worsen rivers, lakes, oceans and groundwater, endangering human health and animal and plant reproduction.

Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction and residents' consumption, and harms human health and the environment (white pollution, waste batteries, etc. )

Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, building construction and social activities, hinders people's rest and work, and harms human health.

8. How to build an "eco-city": [Memory]

(1) In urban construction, low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation should be developed to reduce environmental pollution.

(2) make the urban landscape as harmonious as possible with the natural landscape, and establish a virtuous circle ("harmony between man and nature")

The shortcomings of the three modes of P38 activities will be judged (from the analysis of heat island effect and land use efficiency)

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

3. 1 agricultural location selection

1, the concept of agriculture: [memory]

Humans use the natural productivity of the land to grow plants or raise animals to get the products they need.

2. The meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory]

(1) the position of agricultural production

(2) The relationship between agriculture and geographical environment.

3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]

Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water source.

Socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, science and technology.

The important factor that determines the type and scale of agricultural activities is the market factor.

4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational use of agricultural land [memory]

5. Judgment [understanding] of the dominant location factors of agricultural activities.

Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region, "oranges are born in Huainan and oranges are born in Huaibei" (climatic factors)

Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topographic factors. From the aspects of flood disaster, soil erosion and soil thickness)

Changes of Agricultural Landscape in Subtropical Coastal Areas of China since Reform and Opening-up (Market and Policy).

Tea Suitable for Acid Red Soil in South China (Soil Factors)

Dairy farming and gardening (traffic factors) along expressways in big cities.

6, the change of agricultural location factors [understanding memory]

Natural factors are relatively stable, and social and economic factors are developing rapidly.

Examples of scientific and technological transformation of natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping expands the planting scope of hybrid rice and rubber trees); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables)

The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and localized.

7. The meaning of agricultural area: [memory]

In a certain historical development stage, under the comprehensive action of social, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and natural conditions, agricultural production areas have been formed. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.

8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory]

(1) The geographical distribution of animals and plants is different; (2) Natural conditions; (3) Social and economic conditions.

9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [memory] (able to read P45 Figure 3.9, including the location of wheat shepherd belt)

Natural location conditions: mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Adequate water resources

Socio-economic conditions: broad market (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world); Adequate labor force; Advanced production mode and technology

10, the main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia: [memory]

Production structure: mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry (wheat-shepherd)

Mode of operation: family farm.

Application of science and technology: rotational grazing, planting high-quality pasture and rotation system.

Agricultural specialization and regionalization are high.

Development measures: East-West Water Transfer Project

3.2 Planting-oriented agricultural regional types

1, agricultural distribution and crops in monsoon paddy fields [memory]

Distribution: Asian monsoon region (East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia)

Crops: mainly rice (rice habit: temperature and humidity)

2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory]

(1) The climate is dominated by monsoon, and high temperature and rainy weather are suitable for rice growth.

(2) Flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management.

(3) dense population and abundant labor force

(4) The large population and living habits lead to a large demand for food.

(5) Rice production has a long history (7000 years).

3. The characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture [memory]: "three lows, one high, one big and one small"

(1) Small-scale agriculture (small production scale)

(2) high yield and low commodity rate

(3) low level of mechanization and technology

(4) The amount of water conservancy projects is large

4. Agricultural distribution of commodity grain and crops [memory]

Distribution: USA, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and Ukraine.

Crops: wheat, corn

5, commodity grain agriculture location conditions [memory]

(1) Excellent natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain and fertile soil).

(2) Convenient transportation

(3) the market is broad

(4) The land is vast and the population is sparse

(5) High degree of mechanization

(6) Advanced agricultural science and technology

6, the main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture [memory]

Large-scale production, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and technology.

3.3 Agricultural regional types based on animal husbandry

1, Distribution and Production Object of Pasture Animal Husbandry [Memory]

Distribution: USA, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zone)

Production target: cattle and sheep

2. The location conditions of pasture grazing [memory]

(1) The climate is warm and lush.

(2) The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is high.

(3) Close to the harbor, with convenient transportation.

3, pasture animal husbandry characteristics [memory]

Large-scale production, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization.

4, Argentina pasture animal husbandry development measures [memory]

(1) Fence grazing, rotational grazing, feed planting and water source development.

(2) Cultivate improved cattle and strengthen the research on cattle diseases.

5, the distribution of dairy industry and agricultural products [memory]

Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand.

Agricultural products: milk and dairy products

6, dairy industry location conditions [memory]

(1) The climate is cool and humid, which is suitable for the growth of succulents.

(2) With the high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits, there is a great demand for dairy products.

7, the main characteristics of dairy industry [memory]

High commodity rate; High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities.

Given an agricultural regional map, it depends on what kind of agriculture it belongs to. ※