How many chrysanthemums are involved in Tao Yuanming's poems? What are they?

The prototype of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden in history

Text/Champion Dune Deng Ganbin

The prototype of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden is Sangluozhou, which is well-founded.

Justin in the Jin Dynasty saw in his Ode to the Orient that "I was born at the end of the luck, and I entrusted a leaf to climb the forest", which was originally an allusion in Kuafu's Chasing the Sun. Kuafu died day by day, leaving his employees behind and turning it into a peach forest called Deng Lin. Later generations used Deng Lin more than Taohua Lin. This shows that there were indeed many peach trees in Sanluozhou at that time. Until the end of the Qing Dynasty, peach blossoms remained on the mainland. There is a poem to prove it: "Qing Jiangxi" Peng Yulin, "Peach blossoms are old and red rain, mulberry leaves are new green." Peach Blossom Cen refers to Zeng Guofan's old base area where he fought Taiping in the Qing Dynasty in Sangluozhou. Peng Yulin was Zeng Guofan's aide in Qing Dynasty, and had been stationed in Sangluozhou for a long time. Have a good understanding of local culture. Few people know the name Taohuacen now, but when it comes to Peach Blossom Garden, I'm afraid everyone knows it. However, few people really know where the Peach Blossom Garden is, and the specific location is also controversial. In fact, Taohuacen and Taohuayuan are the same place, namely Muluozhou. When Tao Yuanming wrote The Peach Blossom Garden, it was based on Sangluozhou.

In 400 A.D., Tao Qian took shelter from the wind in Guiling Forest in Sanluo State because he was out of Beijing (referring to Nanjing) (Guiling Forest is another name for Zhou Yu's Nine-stream Bagua Array in Sanluo State, and Tao Qian once took shelter from the wind in Guiling Village, Huikou Town, susong county City, Anhui Province), and wrote two poems, two poems written by Gengzi in Guiling Forest in mid-May, which shows his ambition to retire. Later, people called it "Gui Lin" because Tao had the meaning of seclusion in the mountains. This is also the embryonic form of its Peach Blossom Garden. Tao Yuanming keeps watch on the mainland. Zhou Yu's training ground was already there, and now the peach blossoms are still there, but there are only five willows left in nine willows. Seeing the hundred-year-old willow, Tao saw its vicissitudes, remembered the world and remembered his life. Just like these five hundred-year-old willows, he named Mr. Wuliu one by one.

In 404 AD, Liu Yi and Huan Xuan fought in Sanluo. The war is raging. Liu Yi won. Muluozhou still stands on the river in the baptism of blood and fire. The sunset is like blood, several people return, and the old trees on the shore send new willows. Smoke fills the air with the wind, and the river flows eastward silently.

In 405 AD, Cheng Peng, or Gu Pengze, included today's pengze county in Jiangxi and today's Hukou County in Jiangxi. According to historical records, there was a strong earthquake in Gongtinghu district this year, and Gongting Lake invaded south. Many storage cities in Shuyang County (ancient Shuyang is in most areas of Duchang, Jiangxi Province, and near Poyang Lake), including Wulin, sank in the Poyang Lake formed at that time, and refugees poured into Pengze. According to 1986 "Geographical Names of duchang county", due to the repeated fall of Duyang Lake basin, Guyang County, Haiyinghou County, Shuyang City, Changyi City, Baisha, Wulin, Wuyang, gold mining and other military, economic and transportation towns have successively fallen into the lake. Tao Yuanming settled the refugees in Mulberry Island where he sheltered from the wind. Tao Yuanming settled refugees, built forest farms and planted mulberry trees in Sangluozhou. These Tao Yuanming briefly recorded in his poem "Antique" that "planting mulberry along the river can be harvested in three years. The branches are flourishing and the mountains and rivers change suddenly. " Because these immigrants are all Wulin people in Shuyang County, later generations called their original place Wulin Island. According to Tongdian Zhou Jundian Zhou Jun Qigu Yangzhou Susong Hanwan County. The beam is placed on the high pond. There is thunder water. The river is divided into nine factions from Erling, and more than 300 miles will meet at this county boundary, which is called Jiujiangkou. East Wulin Island, which is the lower tail of Muluo Prefecture. Don Du You said: Sangluo Prefecture was in duchang county, Jiangzhou, and pengze county, Han Dynasty. Tao Qian's ancestral home is also Yang Shan. This relocation created a psychological and realistic background for his creation of Peach Blossom Spring. It's just that the ancients liked lies and didn't pay attention to them. So did Tao Yuanming. He wrote "Wu Lingren" for the Wulin people, which led to the misunderstanding of modern people. Wu Lingren is actually a Wulin figure. As you can imagine, after the earthquake, Wulin people and Tao Yuanming went down the river from their hometown Shuyang County and walked on the water to Sangluozhou at the mouth of Poyang Lake. Their eyes should be sharp. Isn't this water oasis, Sanluozhou, a resettlement site? After the refugees were placed in Sanluozhou, the good times did not last long, and finally a war broke out in Sanluozhou. Muluo state has become a military arena.

In 4 10, it was Liu Yi again, but the opponent was Luxun, the leader of Pentecostalism. Liu Yi suffered a crushing defeat this time. There is blood everywhere in Sanluozhou. That is, this year, Liu Qu visited Muluozhou. In the war, what is more serious is that in the following years, most areas of Shuyang County completely sank into Poyang Lake. This is the foreshadowing at the end of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden: nobody cares later. Tao Yuanming briefly recorded in his poem "Antique" that "planting mulberry along the river can be harvested in three years. The branches are flourishing and the mountains and rivers change suddenly. " Later, according to this experience, Tao Yuanming wrote "Peach Blossom Garden" by using ancient metaphors. In fact, the Peach Blossom Garden is located in Sanluozhou. In addition, Tao Yuanming's allusion of not bending over for Wudou Road also comes from this.

Let's analyze and interpret Tao Qian's Peach Blossom Garden;

(The original meaning of Peach Blossom Garden: The ancient source not only refers to the water source, but also refers to the plain in the water. We can see the clue from the word "tableland", which means plateau. And the source also means that water is an island. As can be seen from the Peach Blossom Garden, the land here is flat and wide. Why do you add a wide word to the originally flat land, and you can see a flat and wide continent coming out of the water downstream, which is the case in Poyang Lake area and its vicinity in Tao Qian. So the Peach Blossom Garden is the Peach Blossom Island on the water. )

During the Jin-Tai-Yuan period, Wu Lingren made a living by fishing and walked along the stream, forgetting the distance of the journey. Suddenly I met the peach blossom forest and grabbed the shore for hundreds of steps. There are no miscellaneous trees in it. Grass is delicious and English is colorful, which makes fishermen very different.

If you go any further, you will want to be poor. If the forest is short of water, you will get a mountain with a small mouth. If there is light, leave the ship and enter through the mouth. At first, it was extremely narrow, and it took a few steps to make people enlightened. The land is flat and spacious, so is the house. There are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees and bamboo. The traffic in the building is so busy that chickens and dogs hear each other. There were men and women dressed like strangers. The yellow hair hangs low and enjoys itself.

Seeing the fisherman, he was shocked and asked him what he had not done. Answer it. You have to go home and set up wine to kill chickens for dinner. When the village heard about this man, Xian came to inquire. Since Master Yunzu escaped from the Qin Dynasty, he led his wife to this desperate situation and did not return, so he was separated from outsiders. You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. This man speaks every word with a sigh.

The rest went back to their homes, and all the food was spilled. Stop for a few days and resign. There is a piece of writing in this story, which is not enough for outsiders. Help the road when you get off the boat, and you are determined everywhere. And the county, Yi Taishou said so. The satrap sent someone to follow him, looking for what he wanted, and then he lost his way. Nanyang Liu Ziji, Gao Shang's also, heard about this matter and gladly planned to go, but failed. Seek the end of illness. Nobody took care of it after that.

In the first year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a Wulin in Shuyang, Jiangxi Province (Wu Lingren Mausoleum Copper Fake Forest) who took fishing as his profession. One day he rowed along the stream (Poyang Lake) and forgot the distance. (After leaving the mouth of Poyang Lake) I suddenly met a peach blossom forest with peach trees in the middle of the stream bank hundreds of steps away. There are no other trees in the middle (not wild, planted and managed), and the herbs on the ground are bright and beautiful, with many fallen petals. The fisherman was surprised at the beautiful scenery. Go further and want to walk through Taolin. Taolin disappeared where the stream originated, and then I saw a mountain (a mountain is just a dam or hill. If it is really natural, any mountain should be much higher than peach trees. Why do you see a mountain when you get closer? There is a small mouth on the mountain (the small mouth on the mountain is not a complete hole, but a gap where water flows out, and the gap between the mouths is a mouth, and the intersection is a mouth, which can be a door, and the mouth is just a convenient place to get in and out). The fisherman threw the boat and went in from the entrance. At first, the entrance and exit were very narrow, and only one person was allowed to pass through. After dozens of trips, it suddenly became open and bright. (After passing through the entrance and exit, I found that) the land here is flat and open (the flat and open land can only be called the continental plain, and most of the mountains are narrow and inexplicable), the houses are clean and tidy, and there are fertile fields (what is fertile land, of course, only those with high crop yields can be called fertile fields, how can the mountainous areas be called fertile fields, not to mention the Eastern Jin Dynasty where farming is carried out), beautiful ponds and mulberry trees (which are common in mainland China). The path in the field is intertwined, and the crowing of chickens and dogs can be heard from village to village. People in the village come and go to farm and work, and men and women dress like people from this place. Old people and children are carefree, happy and happy. People in the village were surprised to see the fisherman and asked him where he came from. The fisherman gave him a detailed answer. They invited fishermen to their own homes and cooked with wine to kill chickens. When people in the village heard that there was such a person, they all came to inquire about the news. They themselves said that the ancestors of the previous generation led their wives, children and fellow villagers to this isolated place in order to avoid the disaster in the Qin Dynasty, and never went out from here again, so they were isolated from people outside the island. They asked what dynasty it was, but they didn't know there was a Han dynasty, let alone Wei and Jin dynasties. The fisherman told them everything he knew in detail, and those people all sighed and regretted it. Others invited fishermen to their homes, and all took out wine and rice to entertain them. The fisherman stayed for a few days and then left. People here told him, "Don't tell people outside the island about the situation here." After the fisherman came out, he found his boat and went back along the old road, marking everywhere along the way. Back in the county, I visited the satrap and reported the situation. The satrap immediately sent someone to follow, looking for the previous mark (the river was flooded? Or the mark is not enough to find the right direction), but I got lost and didn't find my original way again. Nanyang Liu Ziji, a noble celebrity, heard the news and happily planned to go. Didn't come true, and soon died of illness. There were no visitors after that.

In addition, Tao Yuanming also wrote a poem "Peach Blossom Garden Poetry" at the same time:

Get the world, then avoid it. Huang Qi Shangshan, Iraqis also died. Immersed in the trace, the path is destroyed. I am destined to farm, and I will rest from where I am. Mulberry and bamboo hanging in the shade, millet preparing art; Spring silkworms collect silk, and autumn ripe silkworms are taxed. The deserted road warms the traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other. There is no new system for clothes. Children and children sing vertically, and the classroom is full of joy. Grass glory knows peace, and wood decay knows strength. Although there is no Ji Lizhi, he is four years old. Happiness lies in the wisdom of He Rong! Strange traces hide 500, and once a fairy opens them. Pure and thin are different sources, rotating or hidden. Excuse me, travel alchemist, how to measure the hubbub? I am willing to talk in the breeze and hold high to find my contract. (The reference in this poem refers to Lushan Mountain today. According to Hui Yuan's Tale of Lushan Mountain, Kuang Customs was a person during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. He traveled to Lushan Mountain with Daoxian people and practiced in seclusion. So Lushan Mountain is also called Kuangshan Mountain. Because it comes from the season of Yin and Shang Dynasties, it may also be called Shangshan. Later generations often call goodness a secluded place, and the poem "Immersion and Re-immersion" is enough to show that the environment of Peach Blossom Garden is also a continent in water. )

Muluozhou is the Peach Blossom Garden, and many scenes in it are mostly the longing of Tao. The immigrants in Muluozhou did not live so peacefully, that is, the year before last, He Wuji went to Muluozhou to fight against Huan Xuan's army. In less than six years, that is, in 4 10, Liu Daogui and Liu Yu fought in Muluozhou successively, and the Peach Blossom Garden was baptized by the war. That is, this year, Tao wrote Peach Blossom Spring with great anxiety and indignation. This is also the foreshadowing left by Tao after the article: those who have no interest in it. The main reason why people can no longer find the Peach Blossom Garden.

The historical background of Tao Yuanming's "Peach Blossom Garden" includes both the war factors in the great era and the strong earthquake in Tao's hometown at that time.

Shuyang was founded in 20 1 year BC (6 years of Emperor Gaozu), located in the western hills of Zhou Dynasty. Captured by a generation of hero King Jiujiang's rebellion, it was named Shuyang, which is one of the eighteen counties in Zhang Yu. In the second year of Yong Chu in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 42 1 year), due to the earthquake in Li Peng Lake Basin, the lake invaded south, and most of Shuyang County sank into the lake, so Shuyang County was revoked. Territory into pengze county, classified as Jiangzhou. Tang Gaozu Wude five years, changed to duchang county. Shuyang County has a history of more than 600 years. It is a famous county after Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasty in history. Shuyang enjoys convenient land and water transportation and convenient contact with Nanchang, Poyang, Jiujiang, Yongxiu and Yugan. Its geographical location is very important. During the Three Kingdoms period, Huang Gai, a famous Soochow player, once guarded here.

The Book of Jin said: "Tao Kan is a scholar and a native of Poyang. Wu Ping, immigrants look for Yang in Lijiang River. Since Tao Kan is a "Poyang person" and an "immigrant looking for Yang", why did he become a Duchang person? It turns out that Tao Kan's hometown is in Taojiachong, Shili, Sushan Township, duchang county, also known as Duchang Terrier Forest. Shili Taojiachong is located in the northwest border of Duchang, facing Xing Zi County across the lake. This small place belonged to Xunyang County, Lujiang County at the end of Wu Dynasty and the beginning of Jin Dynasty. At that time, there was no duchang county in China, and the predecessor of duchang county was Shuyang County. According to the evolution of county annals, in the first year of Jin Yongxing, Shuyang County was placed under the jurisdiction of Xunyang County by Poyang County in 304 AD. Tao Kan (259-334) was forty-five in the first year of Yongxing. Xunyang County, a native of Lujiang County, was an immigrant from Tao Kan. He lived in Wuping, the second year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 28 1). In the same year, Xunyang County belonged to Lujiang County, and the first year of Yongxing belonged to Xunyang County. Xunyang County has been affiliated to Lujiang County for only 24 years. The home address of immigrant families in Tao Kan originally belonged to Xunyang County, Lujiang County, but with the change of the county, it was changed to Shuyang County of Xunyang County (now duchang county). Peng and the evolution of Poyang Lake. In the geological era, the geological landscape of Poyang Lake has experienced vicissitudes and great changes. Although the lake basin gradually sank in the early Holocene, it still showed the landscape of river network cutting because of the basic balance between sediment deposition and lake basin settlement. Since the Neolithic Age, there have been human activities in this area. From 20 1 year BC (the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu) to 42 1 year AD (the second year of Liu Xiaonian), Shuyang County was located in the center of the mausoleum Poyang Lake, and ancient cities have been discovered in four mountains in the center of Poyang Lake. There are counties such as Pengze, Poyang and Haiyuanhou around, and part of the land under its jurisdiction is in Poyang Lake. It can be seen that before the 1920s, there was no huge water body in Poyang Lake area, but a low-lying lake plain with a river network cut, and Shuyang County was the center of the tributaries of the river network.

In the past, some people thought that Peng in ancient times was Poyang Lake today. In fact, this is not correct. The formation of Gu Ze in Peng Li is closely related to the changes of the ancient Yangtze River in Jiujiang Basin. In the middle of Pleistocene, after the Yangtze River left Wuxue (now Guangji County), the main flood reached Wangjiang County through Taibai Lake, Longgan Lake and Xiacangpu, and merged into the tributary of the Yangtze River south of Wuxue to the southern edge of Jiujiang Basin. In the late Pleistocene, the flood of the main stream of the Yangtze River moved southward to the present Yangtze River channel. Due to the inclination and settlement since Holocene, the abandoned ancient river channel gradually expanded and merged with the wide Yangtze River surface in the southern margin of Jiujiang Basin to form a large-scale lake, namely Penghu recorded in the pre-Qin period. At that time, the Yangtze River broke away from the shackles of mountains on both sides of the river, forming an alluvial fan with Wuxue as its apex, reaching Huangmei in the north, Jiujiang in the south and Hubei-Anhui border in the east. The river is divided into many tributaries on the alluvial fan, namely "Jiujiang", which flows into Peng in the depression in front of the fan in the east. It can be seen that the main body of Gupeng is in Jiangbei, which is equivalent to today's Longgan Lake, Daguan Lake and Bohu Lake. Jiangnan is just the neck of Poyang Lake today.

Because Gupeng Lize is a lake submerged by Jiujiang in the old and new reaches of the Yangtze River, the ridge between the old and new underwater reaches is distinct. Later, because the Yangtze River sediment passed through Jiujiang section and was supported by Ganjiang River, it was accumulated on the north side of the main spillway. After a long time, the natural embankment between the old and new main spillway gradually rose above the water surface, and Jiujiang main spillway and Jiangbei Peng Lize were separated. It was about 2000 years ago in the late Western Han Dynasty. Later, whenever the Yangtze River overflowed with sediment, the Gu Ze in Peng Li gradually narrowed, forming several lakes with connected water flows, which were called Leishui and Lei Chi in history, which are the predecessors of today's Longgan Lake and Daguan Lake. Peng's name gradually disappeared in Jiangbei.

Since Holocene, the fourth differential movement of fault blocks in this area has caused great subsidence along Nanchang-Hukou line, especially the Hukou fault depression. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the ancient Ganjiang River area in Hukou fault depression has expanded into a larger water area, which is the predecessor of today's Poyang Lake North Lake. Because the name of Jiangbei Peng comes from the classic Gong Yu, Ban Gu attached Poyang Lake in the south of the Yangtze River to Gu Peng in Hanshu Geography. But according to records, it was Hu Hanshui and Yu Zhangshui who injected into the Yangtze River (both commanding the Ganjiang River), not Peng. It is estimated that at that time, the flood level of Li Ze, Xinpeng in the south of the Yangtze River changed greatly in the dry season, and the beam was as narrow as a river in the dry season.

During the Han and Jin Dynasties, the southern boundary of Xinpeng Lize (also known as Gongting Lake in the Jin Dynasty) did not exceed the line of Nanyingzikou in Xing Zi County today, and Yingzikou was the mouth of Ganshui Lake, also known as the mouth of Lipeng Lake. Peng was relatively stable for a long time after he was formed in Jiangnan. Later, with the development of Nanchang-Hukou fault depression from north to south, the plain with vertical and horizontal river network gradually developed into swamp. Liu Ernian (42 1), the revocation of Shuyang County was related to this. From the late Tang Dynasty to the early Northern Song Dynasty, Peng Xiangnan expanded rapidly. In the early Song Dynasty, Peng Li Lake District had passed Yingzikou and Songmenshan and approached Poyang (now Boyang) County. Li Peng Lake began to be called Poyang Lake. As a result of this expansion, the original peaks on the lake have become small islands in the lake, and the nearby small lakes are also connected with Poyang Lake, and the plains around Guyang County have almost been razed to the ground. But at that time, Poyang Lake was still a huff and puff lake, with Wang Yang in flood and water in dry season.

The evolution of Poyang Lake in Ming and Qing Dynasties was characterized by the formation and development of the branch lake. Especially in the south of Poyang Lake, Junshan Lake and Qinglan Lake were formed at this time. Since the Qing Dynasty, Poyang Lake in the north of Wucheng has gradually become shallow. With the sandbars outside Ganjiang River, Fuhe River and Xinjiangkou extending to the northeast, the lakes in the southwest of Poyang Lake are gradually shrinking.

(3) Korea did not attack the British army Taoshui south and north, all of which were greatly broken. [Su Lin said: Tao, sound signs. Guangxu said: Tao, sound, between the river and Huaihe River. According to Yu, the army defeated Jiangnan, and Taoshui should be in Jiangnan. Luo note: Lingling has Taoshui. Notes on Water Classics: Taoshui flows out of the southwest of Tao Yang County and into Xiangshui in the east. Ru Chun's note: Tao Yang's way, Tao Yin's way. Gaby married the king of Changsha, but was defeated, so she went with him. Taoshui was in Changsha, so it was suspected to be near. Du You said: Hantaoyang County is in the northwest of Xiangyuan County, Yongzhou. According to today's Quanzhou, there is Taoshui in Tao Yang County of Han Dynasty, which is in the north of Qing Xiang County. Cloth marries with, making Changsha a king, and making people seduce cloth, vain desire and death, and cloth follows. Tian She, a villager in Bos village, was killed by Fanyang people. 【 Fan, shady slope. Shigu said that Xiangzi is also the hometown of Shuyang County. Shuyang County belongs to Zhang Yu County. Hey, this is ancient. According to Records of Historical Records and Gao Hanji, "chasing and cutting Bufangyang" means that our hometown should be in Fanyang, not in the sun. 〕

One more thing, Tao is the successor of Taoist culture, which was in Shanxi and Taiyuan in the Peach Blossom Garden at that time, that is, in 386 AD. It happened that Hui Yuan built Tolin Temple in Lushan this year. Does it have metaphors? Hui Yuan also went down the river. It is doubtful that the sacred flower of Buddhism is lotus instead of peach blossom, and peach blossom is the sacred flower of Taoism. On Lushan Mountain, are Taoism and Buddhism fighting for an ideal country? Hui Yuan preached in Lushan Mountain, and the last person in Peach Blossom Garden was probably Tibetan Taoism, which was replaced by Buddhism. Understanding the writing background of Peach Blossom Garden can be understood through Tao Yuanming's chronicle. (End)