Upper Beiyang: Fujian immigrants moved northward in Ming and Qing Dynasties

Lead: Fujian coastal residents have migrated many times since Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there are also many migration destinations. Some people directly crossed the Taiwan Province Strait and immigrated to Taiwan Province Island. Some people sailed south along the coastline and moved to Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Some people go far away to Southeast Asia and become overseas Chinese. In the tide of Fujian coastal immigrants, some immigrants are easily overlooked. They go north along the coastline and reach coastal areas such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu and Shandong, where they take root and multiply. Those who migrated far away even arrived in Tianjin and Liaoning coastal areas and became Fujian immigrants in the northern coastal areas. This paper mainly analyzes the immigrants in the northern coastal areas of Fujian. The topography of Fujian is 1. The motivation of emigrating to Fujian has been in the southeast corner for a long time, which is less affected by the war. In addition, the immigrants from the north in the past dynasties flowed southward into Fujian, resulting in a sharp increase in the registered population. Fujian was always the main inflow place of immigrants before the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Fujian itself has many mountains and few plains, so it is called "eight mountains, one water and one field". In this way, there is a contradiction between a large population and a small land, which has appeared since the Song Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the contradiction between population and land was more prominent, which was the main driving force for Fujian's emigration. Most of Fujian is terraced fields, so it is very difficult to feed such a large population. 2. Improvement of navigation conditions and shipbuilding technology Since the Yuan Dynasty, with the development of maritime trade, the number of exchanges between the north and the south by sea has become more and more frequent, and the near-sea navigation has provided convenient conditions for Fujian immigrants to reach the northern coast. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the further development of shipbuilding technology, it provided technical support for the long-distance navigation of Fujian coastal immigrants. In addition, during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the country was unified and the society was relatively stable, especially after the enemy was wiped out in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which provided a guarantee for offshore navigation. The prosperity of commercial trade is an important factor for Fujian to move northward. Fujian is located in the coastal area. Fishermen in Fujian coastal areas went north from Fujian coastal areas to northern coastal ports, where they engaged in fishing activities and commercial trade, so many people stayed there and became local residents. As early as the Tang Dynasty, Dengzhou, Shandong Province was the largest commercial port in the north. During the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, Fujian businessmen often traded with the northern coastal areas along the coastline. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the northern ports, including Shandong, were once very quiet and the business was very backward because of the ban on the sea. According to the historical records of the Ming Dynasty, northerners didn't eat fish, so the fishery along the northern coast was extremely underdeveloped. After the Qing Dynasty, especially after the Qing Dynasty, the maritime ban was lifted, and the trade between Fujian merchants and the northern coast gradually prospered, as did Yantai Port. The port of Jiaodong Peninsula has become a gathering place for businessmen from north and south. Since the opening of the five ports, Fujian coastal fishermen have taken boats from Fujian to Shandong coastal areas to fish and develop fisheries, which has made important contributions to the development of local fisheries. In the Ming Dynasty, merchants in Fujian, the state capital, took Yantai Port as an important trade base. Every year, large sailboats travel between Fujian and Yantai. In the tenth year of Guangxu, Fujian merchants raised 7200 silver to build the Tianhou Palace in Yantai. The building materials used in Yantai Tianhou Palace are all shipped from Fujian, and the architectural style is exactly the same as that of Mazu Tempel in the south. In all parts of the north, in addition to the Tianhou Palace in the port of Jiaodong Peninsula, there are Tianhou Palace in Tianjin, Yingkou, Dalian and Miaodao. The biggest traditional festival in Tianjin is called the Forbidden City. The Imperial Parliament is a festival to worship the queen of heaven. In the Qing dynasty, the imperial parliament lasted for several days. During the festival, after the tour of Tianhou Palace, Tianhou Palace was invited to stay in the local Fujian-Guangdong Guild Hall for a few days, which was called "Tianhou Palace". This shows the influence of Fujian businessmen on the northern coast. There are a large number of Fujian businessmen, some of whom stay in the local area for various reasons and become an important source of Fujian immigrants in the northern coastal areas. They brought Mazu belief to the local area. Mazu is an important belief of Fujian people. 4. The objective social conditions along the northern coast, far from the jurisdiction of the central government, are rich in products and become a paradise for criminals, fugitives and farmers who come to avoid taxes. These areas are beyond the reach of the central government, so the government's ruling power is weak, providing a relatively relaxed social environment for immigrants. Many refugees gather in coastal areas or islands near the mainland. Wei Huan, an official in Ming Dynasty, pointed out in his book that the islands in Liaodong Sea were called islanders, and immigrants gathered in them. Like refugees gathered in the mountains, they are all self-reliant fugitives, ignoring government laws. His suggestion to the court is to check the household registration, make it Garbo, and tax these islanders. In the 13th year of Hongzhi, Tian Lin, then the Zhaofu envoy of Wave Island, was engaged in Zhao Ji Chiqi, and found signs of raising cattle on Wave Island. There are people on Buffalo Island in Donglili, Wave Island, and 1 12 people are found on Changshan Island nearby. After the establishment of the Maritime Silk Road in the Qing Dynasty, the coastal areas were closed and the residents in the coastal areas were ordered to move away from the coast. After the implementation of this policy, on the one hand, these fishermen who live by the sea are in trouble, on the other hand, they are forced to find new immigrant places. At the same time, the residents in the northern coastal areas moved inward, which objectively provided a certain living space for Fujian immigrants. During the Qianlong period, in the coastal areas of Fengtian (now Liaoning Province), many Fujian people were found to build houses and live in these places, and gradually some villages with more than 10,000 houses were formed. These villages built by Fujian people are all due to trade reasons. At that time, in order to collect business tax, local officials allowed Fujian people to thrive here, thus forming Fujian villages, which are also common in Shandong Jiaodong Peninsula and Liaoning Liaodong Peninsula. Maritime prohibition 5. Kun Weng said: the most direct expression of family memory immigrants is family memory. Some families in Jiaodong Peninsula record that their ancestors originated in Fujian. For example, the Lin family tree in Wendeng, Shandong Province records that their ancestors moved in by boat from the coastal shore of Putian County, Fujian Province in the Southern Song Dynasty, and * * * is divided into two branches. One moved from Putian, Fujian to Wendeng West, and established forest village. The whole village 1.600 households is the first forest village established in Wendeng area. The other branch moved from Beiluo Village in Putian to Longxu Island in Rongcheng. In the Yuan Dynasty, according to Lin's genealogy in Weihai, Shandong Province, at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, fishermen from Beiluo Village, Putian, Fujian Province, led their two sons and five grandchildren to sail from south to north along the coastline with their wives, and went through hardships to reach Chengshanjiao, Rongcheng, Shandong Province. Lin Yu's family settled here and set up a base called Lintun. Later, their descendants prospered and formed a new village forest to live in. Yu Lin made a living by fishing here at first, but later, due to family reproduction. Today, Shandong is still the province with the largest number of Lin surnames among the northern provinces, which is closely related to Fujian immigrants. The picture comes from the network, and the infringement is deleted. References: 1. Xu: Mazu people-a study of marine culture in Fujian and Taiwan. 2. Lin Guoping, Qiu Jiduan and Zhang Guiming: Fujian immigration history. 3. Li: The mutual migration between coastal areas and land islands in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This article was created by Jiangnan Mion team, and the copyright belongs to Jiangnan Mion team. Welcome to pay attention to the headline number/WeChat official account: Jiangnan Weng