Biography of Julius cambara Ji Nyerere.

1April 922 13 was born in the chieftain's family of Zanaji tribe in Musamabutiama village, the capital of Mala province in Tanganyika. Poor family, grazing at home when I was a child. 1934 He entered Musoma Church School and was baptized by Christianity. A few years later, he entered the only middle school in Tapola and converted to Catholicism on 1942.

1943 to 1945, studying at Lei Lei College, Ma Kai, East Africa University (now Lei Lei University, Ma Kai). During his study, he joined the Catholic Loyalty Association and founded the Kannika Africa Association, a branch of Tanganyika Student Union. After returning to China from 65438 to 0945, he taught in Santa Maria College run by the Catholic Church for three years and organized the Tapola branch of the African Association of Tanganyika as a secretary. 1946 made a speech at the National Congress of the African Association of Tanganyika, opposing the East African Federation (including Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda) planned by the British colonial department, which is dominated by Kenyan white immigrants.

1949—— 1952 studied economics and history at the university of Edinburgh, England, and obtained a master's degree in literature. During his study abroad, Nyerere often discussed the national liberation movement with nationalists in African countries, determined to eliminate the colonial system on the African continent. Contact with members of the British Labour Party was influenced by Fabian's socialist thought.

1952, Nyerere returned to China and taught at St. Francis College near Dar es Salaam. 1953 was elected President of the African Association of Tanganyika in April. 1On July 7, 954, the association that no longer meets the needs of the anti-colonial struggle was reorganized into the Tanganyika African National Union (hereinafter referred to as the Tanganyika Union) and elected its chairman. Advocate non-violent struggle and realize national independence through internal autonomy and stages. I hope to build a multi-ethnic country where Africans, Asians and whites trust and cooperate with each other. 1In February, 955, he went to the United Nations on behalf of Tanzania Union to present his opinions to the Trusteeship Council on the issue of independence. After returning home, he resigned as a teacher and traveled around the mainland to publicize the idea of Tanzania-Africa Union's phased independence through non-violent means. 1956, he went to the United Nations again to give a speech on the petition for independence, exposing the cruel plunder and bloody oppression of the African people by colonialism and demanding independence.

1957 In August, he was appointed as a member of the Legislative Assembly by the British colonial authorities as a representative of Tanzania. But he resigned four months later to protest against Britain's delay in making Tanganyika independent. 1958 re-elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Dongfang Province. 1960 1 received an honorary doctorate in law from Duke University. In September of the same year, the Tanzania Union won the Legislative Assembly election, and all the seats in the Legislative Assembly could be covered by only one seat. Nyerere was ordered to form a responsible government, and served as the chief minister from September 2, 65438 +096 1 May 0. Use legal power to step up the struggle for independence, strive for understanding and cooperation between Asians and Europeans, and force Britain to allow Tanganyika to become independent ahead of schedule. 1 961may1Tanganyika became the prime minister of the autonomous government after implementing "internal autonomy"; On February 9, 65438 of the same year, Tanganyika declared its independence and continued to serve as Prime Minister. 1962 65438+ 10 resigned as prime minister on October 22, and devoted himself to the leadership of the Tanzania-Africa Union, striving for the complete independence of the country; In the same year, on February 9, 65438, the Republic of Tanganyika was announced, the British Governor was abolished, and the first president was elected with the support of 97% voters. Announced to sever all ties with the British royal family, the Queen of England is no longer the head of state of Tanganyika.

1964 65438+1On October 20th, the Tanganyika army mutinied, demanding that the armed forces should be africanized (after independence, the commanders and officers of the Tanzanian army at all levels are still British) and that they should improve their treatment and prepare to take over the government. The mutiny also caused a chain reaction in Uganda and Kenya, shocking the political situation in East Africa. At Nyerere's request, Britain sent troops to intervene and suppress the mutinies in three East African countries. At the same time, the mutinous soldiers are a rabble with no culture at all. They never have a clear political goal or program. They are all opposed to the current government and will not take over the political power. Moreover, the failure of the mutiny was one of the main reasons for its failure. After that, Nyerere's government adopted a cautious and lenient policy towards the mutineers and the opposition (the leaders of the opposition contacted the mutineers during the mutiny and instigated the mutineers to overthrow Nyerere's government and establish a new regime), and no one was executed, which was not only conducive to political stability, but also enhanced Nyerere's prestige. Militarily, Nyerere completely disbanded this uneducated army left over from the colonial period, and established a new army, the People's Defence Force, with the members of the Youth League (Tanzania Youth League) as the core, which fundamentally changed the composition of the armed forces and became a literate army with African nationalism and patriotism under the leadership of the ruling party, that is, a politicized army. Militarily, the remnants of colonialism were completely wiped out. The africanization and politicization of the armed forces make it a powerful tool for the ruling party to implement policies. Politically, Nyerere used the mutiny to further attack the opposition forces, wiped out all the existing opposition forces, and made Tanganyika a veritable one-party dictatorship country.

1In April, 964, he visited the newly established People's Republic of Zanzibar, met with President Sheikh Abede Amani Karume of Zanzibar, and reached an agreement on the reunification of the two countries as sovereign countries. On April 26th of the same year, the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar was established. In the same year124, it was renamed as the United Republic of Tanzania, and Nyerere was elected as the President of the United Republic and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces (who served as Foreign Minister). Re-elected as president in 1970, 1 1, 1975, 1 1, 1980. 1975 suggested that Tanzania merge with Zanzibar and Bemba Africa-Shiraz Party (ruling party in Zanzibar) to consolidate unity and strengthen unified leadership. 1On February 5, 977, the African National Union of Tanganyika and the African Shiraz Party merged into chama cha mapinduzi, and Nyerere was elected as the chairman of the Revolutionary Party. 1982 10 months, 1987 10 months to continue to be elected as the party chairman.

After Tanzania's independence, Nyerere devoted himself to economic development and attached importance to the role of various economic components. The economy continues to grow, and the government's fiscal revenue and expenditure are in surplus every year. 1On February 5, 967, the Arusha Declaration was issued, announcing that the country would take the road of socialist development. The guiding principle of national development is self-reliance and emphasizes the development of agriculture. Nationalize large and medium-sized industrial and mining enterprises, trading companies and financial institutions, and establish a number of state-owned enterprises and quasi-state-owned enterprises in a planned way; Restrict the development of national capital and prevent excessive concentration of wealth and exploitation by others. A railway and highway system connecting the Indian Ocean coast and ports has been established, and public enterprises and institutions have been africanized. Ujama village was established on a large scale in rural areas (once compulsory measures were taken), and schools, drinking water and medical and health facilities were built. I hope to set an example of socialism in Africa and build socialism by restoring the system of land possession, collective labor and fruit sharing in traditional rural society. In practice, I realized the mistakes in principles and policies. After the mid-1970s, I emphasized the development of production and relaxed the restrictions on private industry and commerce. Attach importance to the development of agriculture and restore the rural cooperatives before Wujiamacun Movement; Adjust economic policies such as state-owned enterprises, foreign investment and foreign aid.

Actively support the struggle of people in non-independent areas against colonialism and white racism in international affairs. 1965 12 broke off diplomatic relations with Britain to protest against its sheltering the racist white regime in southern rhodesia, which unilaterally declared independence. Nyerere served as the chairman of the Liberation Committee of the Organization of African Unity and the chairman of the summit of African frontline countries for a long time, and made important contributions to the struggle for independence of the people of southern Africa. Set up training camps for guerrilla fighters and provide a foothold and office space for nationalist organizations in dependent countries; Although it is one of the least developed countries declared by the United Nations, it has generously contributed to the cause of national liberation in Africa, interrupted the agreement to provide labor force to South Africa, and suffered the loss of reduced foreign exchange income. Pursue the non-aligned policy and demand the establishment of a new international economic order. 1979 In February, at the fourth ministerial meeting of the Group of 77, it was proposed that the third world should strengthen unity and cooperation, negotiate with developed countries with one voice, and reform unequal international economic relations. 1973 was awarded the "Nehru Award for Promoting International Understanding". 198 1 was awarded the "Third World Fund Award" by the Third World Social and Economic Research Foundation. 1983 was awarded the Nansen Refugee Award by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Geneva. 19841/kloc-0 was elected as the executive chairman of the 20th summit of the organization of African unity in October, urging African countries to use debt weapons and refuse to repay loans owed to western countries. 1985 was awarded the "Grand Medal of the Socialist Ethiopian Nation" by Ethiopia in July. 1986 was awarded seretse khama by the Southern African Development Association. 1987 was awarded the International Lenin Peace Prize by the Soviet Union. 1987 12 was awarded a gold medal by the organization of African unity in recognition of his contribution to the cause of African liberation and reunification. 1986 was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Zimbabwe. In August of the same year, he was elected as the chairman of the South Committee of the Third World Economy of the Non-Aligned Movement (now renamed the South Center). In order to promote wider cooperation among third world countries and dialogue between developing countries and developed countries in the north, he traveled to countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe. 1988 was awarded the Joliot-Curie gold peace prize. 1992 won the international Simon bolivar award. 199565438+won the "International Gandhi Peace Prize" in February.

Nyerere is approachable and sometimes goes to the countryside on foot. He is honest and honest. Tanzanians respect him as "Mwalimu", Swahili means "teacher", and people praise him as "African sage". In order to break the lifelong presidential system, 1984 announced in March that it would not serve as the next president, and 1985 10 begged to resign as president and hand over the presidential power to his successor Ali Hassan mwinyi. Chama Cha Ma Ping Duz, full-time chairman of the ruling party. 1in August, 990, he wisely resigned as chairman of the revolutionary party and withdrew from the front line of national politics. 1989 Chairman of the Trust Committee of Nyerere Foundation since August 3rd.

199910 June 14, Nyerere died in London, England at the age of 77.