Knowledge points of seventh grade geography in compulsory education textbooks

1. The shape and size of the earth

The earth is a sphere.

(2) Portuguese navigator Magellan led the fleet to realize the first human voyage around the earth.

③ The earth has a surface area of 5 1 10,000 square kilometers, a maximum circumference of 40,000 kilometers, an equatorial radius of 6,378 kilometers, a polar radius of 6,357 kilometers and an average radius of 637 1 kilometer.

2. Weft and warp yarns

On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude perpendicular is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; They are all of the same length, indicating the north-south direction. On the globe, the circle around the globe in the east-west direction is called the latitude line. All latitudes are circles, which can be called latitude circles; The length of latitude circle is long or short, the equator is the longest, it gradually shortens to the poles and finally reaches a point. The latitude represents the east and west directions.

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth. Latitude varies in length, and the equator is the largest latitude circle.

② Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically. The warp is equal in length.

3. Latitude and longitude

① Latitude change law: increasing from equator (latitude 0) to south and north pole. The maximum latitude is 90 degrees, at the South Pole and the North Pole. [Source: Xue Ke * net Z*X*X*K]

(2) The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, which is represented by "n"; The latitude south of the equator is called the southern latitude, which is represented by "S".

③ Divide the earth into two hemispheres, with the northern hemisphere in the north and the southern hemisphere in the south, with the equator as the boundary.

④ Variation law of longitude: from the prime meridian (0 meridian) to 180 from west to east. [Source: Subject Network ZXXK]

⑤ The longitude east of the prime meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "E"; The longitude west of the prime meridian is called the west longitude, which is expressed by "W".

⑥ The dividing line between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere is the warp circle composed of 20 W and160 E. ..

The west of 20 w to160 e belongs to the western hemisphere (greater than 20 w or160 e).

East of 20 W to160 E belongs to the Eastern Hemisphere (less than 20 W or less than160 E).

⑦ Latitude range: 0° 30 NS is low latitude; 30 60 NS is the middle latitude; 60 90 NS is high latitude.

Today, compare the characteristics of warp and weft:

The name, shape and length indicate the direction.

The meridian semicircle (arc) is equal to the north-south direction.

Wefts are all long and short circles in the east-west direction (except poles).

4. the movement of the earth

(1) What direction does the earth's motion turn periodically?

The earth's axis rotates from west to east, staying up for about 24 hours.

The revolution of the sun from west to east forms four seasons throughout the year [Source: Subject Network]

The orbital plane always keeps an angle of 66.5 with the earth axis. Because of the revolution of the earth, there are seasonal changes.

② The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere (spring and autumn; Summer-winter)

③ The five zones on the earth's surface are divided into northern frigid zone (66.5° N-90° N), northern temperate zone (23.5° N-66.5° N), tropical zone (23.5° N-23.5° S) and southern temperate zone (23.5° S-66.5° S).

The tropics are located between the Tropic of Cancer, and there is direct sunlight in a year. The ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. [Source: Subject Network]

In temperate regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in tropical regions and more than those in cold regions, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.

④ Low latitude: 0-30; Mid latitude: 30-60; High latitude: 60-90.

⑤ Move the globe from west to east. Seen from the North Pole, the globe rotates counterclockwise; Seen from the Antarctic, the earth rotates clockwise.

5. Map

① Three elements of a map: scale, direction, legend and notes.

Determine the direction on the map: there is a map with a beacon on it, and the arrow of the beacon points to the north; Maps that do not point to the target usually use "up north, down south, left west, right east" to determine the direction.

② Scale types: line scale and digital scale.

③ Judgment of scale: the smaller the denominator, the greater the score, which is a large scale; The larger the denominator, the smaller the score, which is a small scale.

④ The scale is the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance.

Generally speaking, the painting scope is large, the content is simple and the scale is small. On the contrary, the scope of painting is small, the content is fine and the scale is large. The scale is a fraction, and the larger the denominator, the smaller the scale.

Large scale, small scope, detailed content (such as map of Dongtai city)

Small scale, large scope, and slight content (such as the map of Jiangsu Province).

⑤ The vertical distance of an altitude somewhere on the ground is called altitude, also called absolute altitude. Connecting points of equal height into lines is the contour line. Contours can be used to represent the ups and downs of the ground.

Each contour line has a corresponding height value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

Chapter II, Land and Sea

1. The distribution of land and sea in the world is very uneven. Land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, but there is an ocean (Arctic Ocean) around the North Pole. The oceans are mainly concentrated in the northern and southern hemispheres, but there is land around Antarctica.

2. On the surface of the earth, the land area accounts for 29% and the ocean area accounts for 7 1%, so the earth is vividly called "three-thirds of the land and seven-quarters of the ocean".

3. Peninsula is a protruding part where land extends into the ocean; A strait is a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

The names of the seven continents are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania.

The northern hemisphere is Europe and North America.

Asia and Europe are called Eurasia, and China is located in Asia.

Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span in the world; Asia is the largest continent.

People used to regard the Urals, ural river, the Caucasus and the Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea) as the dividing line between Europe and Asia.

The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa.

North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, called America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America.

Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.

Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean [Source: Science+Science+Network]

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world. The Atlantic Ocean is S-shaped; The Arctic Ocean is the longest ocean in the world.

5. The ups and downs of the surface are called topography. It is usually divided into five basic types: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

Characteristics of five basic landforms:

Plain: low altitude and flat ground;

Plateau: high altitude, flat ground and steep edge;

Mountain: high altitude, undulating peaks and steep slopes;

Hills: the ground is undulating, the altitude is not high, and the slope is gentle;

Basin: high around and low in the middle.

The altitude of mountainous areas is relatively high, generally more than 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. Among them, the most prominent are two huge mountain systems composed of several tall mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayas mountain system across the south-central part of the Eurasian continent; The other is the Cordillera mountain system, which runs through North and South America, and consists of Rocky Mountain, Andes Mountain and other mountains. [Source: Xue. Ke. Net Z.X.X.K][ Source: Zxxk.Com]

The altitude of the plain is low, generally below 200 meters, and the ground is flat or undulating. It is often used to describe the "endless" elegance of the plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America.

The terrain in Europe and Africa is relatively simple, mainly plains and plateaus; The terrain in Asia is complex, with high terrain in the middle and low periphery, wide plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the mainland.

6. On the topographic map, elevation is used to represent the ups and downs of the ground. Green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents alpine plateaus, and white represents glaciers.

7. The surface morphology of the earth is in endless movement and change. The varied topography on the earth's surface is the result of the interaction between the internal and external forces of the earth.

The internal forces acting on the earth are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano and earthquake, which are all manifestations of internal forces acting on the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. [Source: Z|xx|k.Com]

External forces The forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth's lithosphere consists of six plates, namely, Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate. The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean. [Source: Subject Network]

Generally speaking, the interior of the plate is relatively stable, and there are cracks, collisions and compressions at the junction of the plate and crustal activity, which are most prone to volcanoes and earthquakes.

Earthquakes and volcanoes in the world are mainly distributed in the Pacific Rim volcanic seismic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan volcanic seismic belt.

8. Causes of land and sea changes: The change of the crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons for land and sea changes, and human activities can also cause land and sea changes.

9. German scientist Wei Gena put forward the continental drift hypothesis. In 1960s, earth science research showed that continental drift was caused by plate movement.

10. Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable; The area where plates meet has active crust, which is the concentrated distribution area of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world.

Chapter III, Weather and Climate

Concepts and differences between weather and climate;

Conceptual characteristics

The weather in a certain place is changeable and unstable, and it is cloudy or sunny in a short time, sometimes cold and sometimes hot.

Climate The average weather conditions in a certain place for many years. be relatively stable

1. Weather has two important characteristics: weather reflects the atmospheric conditions in a short time; At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

2. See Figure 3.4 on page 45 of the textbook for wind direction and wind force.

3. Temperature and its distribution

① The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

② In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10.

In a year, the temperature in the southern hemisphere is the lowest in July, and the temperature in the mainland is the highest in 65438+ 10. [Source: Subject Network] [Source: Subject Network]

③ From the equator to the poles, the temperature gradually decreases.

(4) According to the observation, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ every time the altitude rises 100 meters.

⑤ Use isotherm diagram to show the horizontal distribution of air temperature.

The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called annual range.

The distribution of the world temperature is gradually decreasing from low latitude to polar regions; At the same latitude, the temperatures of the ocean and the land are different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the terrain. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every increase of 100 m, the temperature will drop by 0.6℃. [Source: Zxxk.Com]

4. Precipitation and its distribution

① Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively referred to as precipitation. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation. Fog and dew are not precipitation.

② Conditions for precipitation formation: the air contains enough water vapor; The air temperature drops to the point where it can condense.

The main types of precipitation are convective rain, topographic precipitation and frontal rain.

From the equator to the poles, the general trend is that the annual precipitation decreases gradually.

③ Near the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland.

④ In temperate regions, there is less precipitation in Chinese mainland and more precipitation in coastal areas.

⑤ The distribution of precipitation is represented by isoprecipitation line graph.

6. The world's "rainy pole"-begging for help; The world's "dry pole"-Atacama Desert.

⑦ Usually, there is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

4. World climate

(1) Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much. Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

② See page 58 of the textbook for the world climate distribution map.

③ Near the equator (tropical rain forest climate); Polar regions (frigid climate); The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate); The west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (tropical desert climate); Mid-latitude inland areas (temperate continental climate).

④ Climatic characteristics of tropical rain forest: high temperature and rainy all year round; Mediterranean climate features: less rain in high temperature period and more rain in low temperature period.

⑤ The main factors that affect the climate are latitude, land and sea, topography, temperature and precipitation.

6. The content of this part in the geographical map set.

[Source: Subject Network ZXXK]

Main climate types and distribution in the world

I. Main tropical climate types

1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season.

3. The tropical monsoon climate is most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.

4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate is characterized by scarce precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and a large desert on the ground.

Second, the main climate types in temperate zone

1, temperate and subtropical monsoon climate, distributed in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. Roughly bounded by the isotherm of 65438+ 10, the average temperature in June is 0℃, with temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south.

2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, with the most distribution along the Mediterranean coast, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

3. Temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with intense heat in winter, great temperature change, less precipitation and concentrated in summer.

4. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, which is the most widely distributed in western Europe, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small.

5. The main factors affecting climate are: the shape of the earth, the movement of the earth, the distribution of land and sea, topography, human activities, latitude position and ocean currents.

6. Natural resources land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; First, non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that can be regenerated or recovered in a short time; Non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be produced after being used up in human history. [Source: Xue _ Ke _ Net Z_X_X_K]

Land use types Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and building land.

7. Distribution of land resources The temperate humid plain is flat and warm, suitable for developing agriculture, and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the cold and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grasslands, which are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.

8. Distribution of water resources on the earth There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water. There are many forms of land water, such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is seawater. Among the fresh water resources, glaciers store the most water, and now people use a lot of fresh water resources, mainly river water, lake water (fresh water lake water) and part of groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: saving and rational use of water and reducing the waste of water resources; Preventing and controlling water pollution; Afforestation to prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

9. The forest in the nature control room has the functions of regulating atmospheric composition, purifying air, conserving water, increasing air humidity, protecting fields from wind, and maintaining water and soil. Therefore, people call the forest "the general adjustment room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, mainly coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Most of the global forest resources are distributed in the northern hemisphere.

Chapter IV, Residents and Settlements

1. Population and race

The speed of population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

② Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

③ Population density indicates the degree of population density. Population density generally refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer.

Population (people) in a certain area

Population density (person/km2)

Area of this area (square kilometers)

(4) densely populated areas: coastal plain areas in the middle and low latitudes.

Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high plateaus and mountains.

⑤ Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, East Coast of South America and West Asia.

Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, northern North America and northwestern South America.

Black people are mainly distributed in southern Africa and northwest Oceania.

⑥ From the middle of16th century, European colonists began to capture African blacks and sell them to the United States as slaves to make up for the shortage of American labor.

The growth rate of the world population is different all over the world, especially in different continents. Africa is the fastest growing continent in the world, followed by South America, and Europe is the slowest. 2% in Europe; Asia15%; North America is10%; South America is17%; Oceania is14%; Africa is 27%.

The migration of the world population after World War II, the scale of population migration became smaller, and population migration mainly took three forms. The first type is scientific and technological migration, that is, a large number of high-quality talents flow from developing countries to developed countries. The second is the export of labor force. The basic direction of foreign labor flow is from developing countries to developed countries, from poor countries to rich oil exporting countries, and from densely populated families to sparsely populated countries. The third is international refugee migration.

The world's population is most densely distributed in eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America, and the densely populated areas are mainly located in the plains near the middle and low latitudes. In cold tundra zone, ice sheet belt, vast cold coniferous forest belt, undeveloped tropical rain forest belt, arid desert area, high plateau, mountainous area and sparsely populated area.

Population migration to cities and its problems The proportion of a country's urban population to the total population is often one of the standards to measure a country's development level. More than 70% of the population in developed countries is urban, while the urban population in developing countries accounts for just over 30% of the population. Nowadays, the phenomenon of large-scale migration of rural population to cities mainly occurs in developing countries.

2. World Language and Religion

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language in the world.

Major language distribution area

China, China

English: Western Europe, North America, South Asia, etc.

Russia Russia

French-speaking France, Central and Southern Africa

Spanish, Spain and Latin America [source: subject network ZXXK]

Arabic West Asia, North Africa

Christianity, Buddhism and Islam are the three major religions in the world.

④ Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world.

(5) Muslims are called Muslims. Islam is also called Islam or Puritanism in China.

6 Christianity-church; Islam-mosque; Buddhism-temples.

3. Human habitation-settlement [source: science, network Z, X, X, K] [source: subject network ZXXK]

Settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities. [Source: Zxxk.Com]

Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements. [Source: Z_xx_k.Com]

③ The residents in rural residential areas are mainly engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other production activities. Residents of urban settlements are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

④ At present, in some plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, settlements are densely distributed; In mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

⑤ Two-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings (high-legged houses or elevated houses) are common in tropical and rural settlements that are hot and rainy all the year round.

In tropical desert areas, local houses have the characteristics of thick walls and small windows.

White people of all ethnic groups in the world are generally lighter in skin color, eyes and hair color, with wavy hair, higher nose, thinner lips and more body hair. They are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania. Yellow people have light yellow or brownish black skin, straight black hair, flat face and medium body hair. They are mainly distributed in East Asia. Black people have dark skin, curly hair, thick lips and little body hair. They are mainly distributed in Africa, Oceania and the United States.

Countries in the world There are more than 65,438+090 countries in the world, and the areas of famous countries are different. Russia has the largest area, exceeding170,000 square kilometers. China ranks third with an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers. The smallest is the Vatican.

Chapter V, Development and Cooperation

1. At present, there are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica.

2. In terms of land area, the largest is Russian, and China ranks third in the world. [Source: Xue _ Ke _ Net]

In terms of population, China is the largest and India is the second in the world. [Source: Learning+Discipline+Network Z+X+X+K]

There are two main political systems in the world: capitalism and socialism. [Source: Xue. Part. Network z.x.x.k]

4. Some colonies and territories that have not gained independence are called "regions". At present, there are more than 30 regions in the world.

National boundaries are mainly divided according to mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans and longitude and latitude lines.

6. The territory, territorial waters and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

7. At present, there are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly in Europe, North America and Oceania. Japan in Asia is also a developed country.

8. At present, there are more than 150 developing countries in the world, most of which are newly independent countries after World War II, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

9. Internationally, it is customary to refer to the political and economic discussions between developing countries and developed countries as "North-South dialogue"; The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

"South"-developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and the southern part of the northern hemisphere.

"North"-developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, and a few are distributed in the southern hemisphere.

10. At present, the largest international organization in the world is the United Nations, which was formally established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA. Its basic purpose is to "promote national development and safeguard world peace".