Who defeated Nurhachi in the Ming Dynasty?

This campaign is known as Ningyuan's victory, and Yuan Chonghuan, the commander-in-chief of Ming army.

Prewar period

Preparation of Ming dynasty

Shortly after the completion of Yuan Chonghuan's construction of Ningyuan City, the latter Jin launched an attack on Ningyuan. Yuan Chonghuan resisted the great pressure of Liaodong to be an official, kept the lonely city not far away and fought bloody battles.

Gaodi is stationed in Shanhaiguan, and the Ministry of War history runs through the market town and Liaodong. Gao Di, a native of Luanzhou, was a scholar in the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), served as assistant minister of the Ministry of War in the third year of Apocalypse (1623) and served as an official for four years. Gaudi once tried his best to keep Sun Chengzong out of the pass. In order to recover lost ground, he first insisted on the strategy of active defense. After he arrived at Shanhaiguan, he went down to Ma Shilong, the general commander of Shanhaiguan, on the grounds of Liuhe's defeat, and ordered him to abandon the castle outside Shanhaiguan and withdraw his troops outside Shanhaiguan. The overall plan of keeping the pass is to support the town with fulcrum, and "keep the pass with heavy troops at all costs" [1].

First of all, Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan led the soldiers and civilians to struggle hard outside the customs for four years, building cities and castles, building processing machinery, camping and training, and expanding the land and opening villages, with remarkable achievements and fruitful results. According to Ming Taizu Sun Chengzong Biography, Chengzong spent four years in Shanhaiguan, built Dacheng No.9 and Fortress No.45 before and after, trained 110,000 soldiers, set up Cheying No.12, Shuiying No.5, Huoying No.2 and Pioneer Camp No.8, and built millions of pieces of armor, instruments, bows and arrows, cannon stones, canals and rafts, and expanded the land to 400 miles.

Prewar situation

Sun Chengzong, Emperor Apocalypse, and Du Fu's poems made great achievements, but they offended Wei Zhongxian due to slight negligence and were excluded by eunuchs. His post in Liaodong was taken over by Gao Di. However, Gaudi was at odds with Sun Chengzong. He bullied the weak and feared the hard, feared the enemy like a tiger, humiliated the soldiers and retreated from the defense and abandoned the land. He ordered all the garrison troops in Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River to be evacuated, and all the equipment, guns, ammunition and food were moved to the customs clearance, giving up 400 miles of land. Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River are the vanguard fortresses of the Ming army in Liaodong. If the garrison is hastily withdrawn, the built castle will be abandoned and destroyed, the garrison will retreat, and the Liao people who have settled and cultivated will migrate again.

Ningyuan ancient city

Some officials are dissatisfied with Gaudi's blind retreat and have written to protest. Yuan Chonghuan strives to: the soldiers cannot be withdrawn, the city cannot be abandoned, the people cannot be moved, and the fields cannot be abandoned. Yuan Chonghuan quoted Jin Jichen's "Show a Photo" and revealed it to Liaodong where he ran high:

According to Jin Youliang, Jin Qiqi was decided to take a photo, and Jin Youliang and Dalinghe were all in sight. If we retreat, those who are safe will be relocated, their borders will be returned to Louis, and even worse, we will retreat several times inside and outside Guan Yu. Show Tao the details and act accordingly. The art of war never flinches. It is unreasonable to set up soldiers, store grain, unload grain and deploy officials in Shanxi and Right areas. Taking off a trick to show the enemy's weakness is not only an eastern slave, but also a western slave, and it is even more light. The loss of Liuhe was due to the greed of several generations and their own death. Because of this, the castle was evacuated, the residents were moved, and the brocade and the Rightists were shaken. It is not the courage of the Tao to be better off than to be surprised by the front. It will be like the cabinet department, let nature take its course. As for it, there is no way to let it go. Now only those who can guard the Daling River are selected, and Fan Yinglong and others guard the right chariot, so that the first general can guard Jinzhou, which is bigger than the right chariot, but it was delayed later. It is necessary for the three cities to stand tall, hold their ground, stay ahead and recover. If you listen to the general's practice of desertion, you think the place where you spy is Liuhe wisdom. If you succeed, you will attack Lu. If you fail, you will patrol the river. The world can be bullied, and this heart is always unexpected. If you can listen, go if you understand.

Relying on the potential flame of "giving Fang Jian and riding a python jade belt", Emperor Gao not only insisted on withdrawing from Jinzhou, Youtun and Daling River, but also conveyed the evacuation from Ningqiantun Road to guard against it. Yuan Chonghuan, Qian Ning Road, is determined to ambush Ningyuan to defend the isolated city. He said simply:

Knife should be better, the former is life and death! If you retreat rather than advance, you will not advance ahead, and you will be a traitor alone in the lonely city!

Yuan Chonghuan is just a "better than before" junior official with no background in North Korea. It's audacious to dare to disobey the will of the Minister of War and Ji Liao. In desperation, Gao Di withdrew the guards from Jinzhou, Youtun, Dalinghe, Songshan, Xingshan and Tashan, drove the troops and people into the pass, and abandoned 65,438+10,000 stones in the grain valley. This time, the army retreated without a fight, the morale of the army was low, the people's grievances were boiling, and they left their homes one after another, with a dead end and crying loudly.

Yuan Chonghuan, the former leader of Qian Ning Road, lost the support of Ji Liao, the minister of the Ministry of War, and Xie Han, the bachelor of normal education, and Sun Chengzong, the master of normal education. Under the extremely unfavorable situation that the fortress outside the customs was removed and the soldiers and civilians entered the customs, he led more than 10 thousand officers and men to defend Ningyuan alone to resist the invasion of the late Jin army.

In the four years after the occupation of Quang Ninh, Nurhachi, the leader of the Japanese invaders, made a great event, that is, moved the capital to Shenyang. In the fifth year of the apocalypse (1625), Nurhachi moved his capital from Liaoyang to Shenyang. After Jindu moved to the west, it showed that Nuerhachi wanted to further consolidate his rule in Liaoshen area, and then made greater moves to the Ming Dynasty. However, although he sent troops to capture Lushun, he did not attack the Ming Dynasty on a large scale. At this time, he was busy consolidating his rule in Liaoshen area-rectifying internal affairs, transporting grain by immigrants, training the army, developing production, implementing social reform and suppressing the resistance of the people in China. At the same time, because Sun Chengzong and Yuan Chonghuan's defensive work is methodical and impeccable, they are not too sure to make a move. Therefore, Nurhachi dormant, waiting for the opportunity. Nurhachi, who is good at waiting for opportunities, once took the opportunity to step down and seize Shen and Liao; This time, I was informed that Sun Chengzong had already left, and Gaudi had retreated to Shanhaiguan and Ningyuan, and decided to attack Ningyuan City.

Ningyuan Ancient City Zushi North

The military information that the Jin army was going to cross the river on a large scale was discovered by the Ming army. On the sixth day of the first month in the sixth year of the Apocalypse (1626), I was told by Gaudi: "Slave thieves hope to collect food from Youzhai and cross the river around the fifteenth day of the first month." Sure enough, the late Jin army crossed the Liaohe River and came to the west. Later, on the tenth day of the tenth lunar month, Nurhachi left Shifangbao and went to Quang Ninh for encirclement and suppression. 12, return to Shenyang. Nurhachi immediately ordered the ox to record its surrender, and the officials prepared 30 ox carts and 30 sledges, each with 3 pairs of cymbals and 3 buckets of fried rice. Is to prepare ox carts, sledges, shoes, dry food, etc. When he was ready, he led his division to the war.

On the 14th day of the first month, the Japanese chieftain Nurhachi led an army of 1.3 million, claiming to be 200,000 and attacking Ningyuan. 17, Xidu Liaohe River. The Eight Banners Army is spread all over the western Liaoning plain, and the official books say that there is an endless stream, with unpredictable head and tail, flags like tides and swords like forests. The Eight Banners are mighty and majestic, and pounce on Ningyuan.

After the nomads from the Liao River crossed, the alarm reached the Ming Dynasty, and the whole country was furious and worried. Wang Yongguang, the minister of the Ministry of War, "called courtiers to discuss peace and defend the war, and there was no good plan". Gao Di and Yang Qi, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, were frightened by the police and didn't know what to do. They retreated to Shanhaiguan to gather troops. Taoist Liu Zhao and others wanted to go through the customs in 2000, and they were withdrawn by the military forces issued by the higher authorities. Bailey's reinforcements were crowded in the loyal courtyard, while Li Pinghu's reinforcements were less than 700 people and retreated to the middle front yard. So at the critical moment of Ningyuan, "no one closed the door to help." Yuan Chonghuan has no reinforcements in the future, and it will face a powerful enemy in the future: the Eight Banners Army has fallen into eight castles, including Youtun, Daling River, Jinzhou, He Xiaoling, Songshan, Xingshan, Tashan and Lianshan. The original defenders had already retreated to the pass, and then the nomads from the army went straight to Ningyuan without resistance.

Pre-war preparation

Yuan Chonghuan was stationed in Ningyuan, an isolated city with less than twenty thousand foot soldiers. But the soldiers and civilians in the city, "survive in the dead, live and die", vowed to live and die with the city. In the face of an emergency, he played badly and made up his mind: "I am rushing forward to fight for my intelligence. I hope to be a slave." He took the advice of the generals and made the following preparations for guarding the city:

First, formulate a military strategy and stick to it according to the city. Before the Ningyuan War, the strength was very different. Yuan Chonghuan faced a formidable enemy in front, but there were no reinforcements behind. Mongolia in the west is weak, North Korea in the east is helpless, and western Liaoning is isolated from Ningyuan. Only by consolidating the city can we persist. He tasted: "defense is the right way, fighting is the strange thing, and money is the side road." It's not empty, it's not sudden. " He learned the painful lesson that Fu (Shun), Qing (He), Kai (Yuan), Tie (Ling), Shen (Yang), Liao (Yang), (Ping), Guang (Ning) and other places were successively lost, and he was determined to hold on to one city until his death. The enemy cannot be lured out of the city, and the enemy cannot fight. The main points of Yuan Chonghuan's defense against Ningyuan are: withdrawn, stubborn and persistent.

Second, boost morale and delimit the land separately. Yuan Chonghuan took Man Gui as the company commander, Zhu Mei and Zu Dashou as the lieutenants. Biographies of He, Zhuang Liedi Ji, Chou He Jia, Liu Guangzuo and Ma Shilong in the Ming Dynasty are all "outlines". The Biography of Yuan Chonghuan in Ming Dynasty is called "Gang". , sentenced to Jin Qiqi, etc. Assemble soldiers to defend Ningyuan to the death. He "pricked blood for books, inspired loyalty, worshipped for it, and begged for death when the soldiers were salty." The officers and men separately deployed to guard the city and defined their responsibilities: the general commander Mangui guarded the east, the deputy commander Zuo Fu guarded the west, the general commander Zu Dashou guarded the south, and the deputy commander Zhu Mei guarded the north; In the whole city, the branches are tied, defending each other and helping each other. Yuan Chonghuan is located in the Drum Tower in the city, commanding the overall situation, and the overseers stick to it.

Third, repair the platform protection spear (chònɡ) and deploy artillery. On Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan implemented the deployment of "protecting the city with Taiwan, protecting the city with shovels and protecting the people with the city". He set up a red cannon (red cannon) in Ningyuan city, which is the western cannon. Hony Gun is an early Portuguese gun, which has the characteristics of long barrel, thick wall, long range and great power. It is a powerful cannon to kill dense cavalry. First, I bought four Hongya guns from Macau, and then 26 guns and 30 guns, including Capital 18, Bombing 1 Gate and Shanhai 1 1 Gate. When the enemy soldiers approached, Yuan Chonghuan adopted the advice of Mao and Lama Wang, brought the western artillery 1 1 into the city, made a cannon car, set up the city arm in arm, prepared enough ammunition and trained gunners. Officials, such as Sun and Peng Maogu, were trained by the Portuguese in a camp in Beijing, training and using gunmen. This door 1 1 west cannon was erected on Ningyuan City, becoming the latest powerful weapon for Yuan Chonghuan to withdraw from the enemy of the city by shelling.

Fourth, keep the walls clear and guard against spies. Yuan Chonghuan ordered the burning of houses outside the city, the accumulation of straw, the transfer of merchants into the city, and the transfer of grain and supplies to Juehua Island. He also led spies to inspect with Guan Cheng, saying, "The people in the street are looking for spies, but it is only from time to time"; Send students to patrol the intersection of streets and lanes. In Ningyuan city, there are no "traitors" and no spies. First of all, the cities in Liaodong-Fushun, Qinghe, Kaiyuan, Tieling, Shenyang, Liaoyang and Guangning-all fell because of "internal harmony". And "the traitor who has never visited Ningyuan alone should be a spy."

Fifth, military-civilian joint defense, grain delivery and ammunition transportation. Yuan Chonghuan ordered Qi Jin to press the four corners of the city, arranged civilian workers, and provided food for soldiers guarding the city. Pei Guozhen, a Wei official, was sent to lead the businessmen in the city, sending arrows and bullets. In the defense process of Ningyuan City, Yuan Chonghuan was able to integration of defense and civilian technologies, cooperate with each other and share the same fate. * * * Life and death, the whole army and Ningyuan people worked together to defend Ningyuan City and resist the invasion of the late Jin Dynasty.

Sixth, rectify military discipline and wait and see. Yuan Chonghuan strict military discipline, sent officials to patrol the city, ordered the officers and men to act in disorder, and the soldiers in the city were killed when they entered the city. The officers and men went up and down, guarding the city with one heart. "If you use the only method, you will have a different heart. This is the way to worship and encourage soldiers to defend their duties. Those who finish the city are also here. " He also got the information of Houjin. When everything is ready, stop waiting for the enemy

Seventh, reward courage and boost morale with heavy money. He always attached great importance to the rewards of officers and men, especially when the war was urgent, and ordered to take 1 1 100 and put it in the city. Yuan Chonghuan announced that all officers and men who can defeat the enemy and avoid difficulties and obstacles will be rewarded immediately with a silver ingot, and those who bravely retreat from the enemy will be rewarded.

Eighth, prevent desertion and make arrangements in advance. He ordered Zhao Lvjiao, the garrison commander of Qiantun, and Yang Jiaqi, the garrison commander of Shanhaiguan, and all soldiers of Ningyuan fled to Qiantun and Shanhaiguan, and seized the beheading to prevent military discipline. At that time, Shanhaiguan was guarded by Gaudi in Luo Jing, Liaodong, and Yang Jiaqi, the company commander of Shanhaiguan, was not under his command. His authority can only be managed in Ningyuan and Qiantun. In a military emergency, he overstepped his authority.

In battle

Yugoslav capital war

The 22nd day of the first month.

Yuan Chonghuan's guarding city deployment is just ready. He went to the Drum Tower with several aides, and talked with the North Korean special envoy Han Yuanchang about past lives, which was as calm as ever. He shilled soldiers and people "wait for it, and no one is in the city", waiting for the army of nomads from the army to approach the city.

23

The Eight Banners Army passed the pass between Shoushan and Luofeng Mountain (Kong Long), five miles east of Ningyuan, and its troops were sparse in the suburbs of Ningyuan. Nurhachi ordered to leave the city for five miles, cut off the mountain and sea roads, set up camp, and set up a general camp in the north of the city. Before the siege, Nurhachi put the captured Han Chinese back to Ningyuan City and sent a letter of sweat to persuade them to surrender. But it was flatly rejected by Yuan Chonghuan. "Liu Yilong Shi Lu" records:

After releasing the captured Han Chinese, he went to Ningyuan and told them: "I will attack this city with 200,000 soldiers, and this city will be broken! If your officials surrender, they will be awarded a high rank. " Yuan Chonghuan, the leader of Ningyuan Road, replied, "Why did Khan suddenly send more troops? Ning and Jin are Khan's abandoned land, and I want to recover it, so I have to stick to my duty and there is no reason to surrender! It is said that 200,000 soldiers are coming, but they are empty. I know130 thousand. How can it be a small number? "

After Yuan Chonghuan flatly refused Nurhachi's surrender, he ordered his family, Li Luo and others, to fire western cannons at the Houjin military camp in the north, "capturing hundreds of people with one shot". After that, 8 Jin Army did not dare to stay in the camp and moved it to the west. Nuerhachi saw that Yuan Chonghuan refused to surrender, and fired shells at the camp, ordering him to prepare war gear and attack the city the next day.

Ningyuan fierce battle

24th

After that, the army of nomads from the army pushed chariots, carried hooks and ladders, and rode horses in droves to attack, and thousands of arrows were fired at the gates. The arrows on the wall are like rain, and the signs are like hedgehog skins. The Ming army, guarded by the fortified city, is not afraid of cavalry rushing at the gate, but can also avoid arrows and shoot. Later, Jin concentrated his forces to attack the southwest of the city. Zuo Fu led the troops to stick to it, and Zu Dashou led the troops to help. The Ming army attacked with arrows, shovels and western cannons. Nomads from heavy casualties, and then turned to attack the south of the city. After that, 8 Jin Army chiseled the city between two weak fires at the corner of the city gate. The garrison "has two troops at the door corner, fighting." Ming military guards the city with guns, and guards the city with guns. Treasurer Peng Yaogu commanded the East and North artillery, while Li Luo commanded the West and South artillery. "Attacking from the city for several weeks without stopping, every gun may be eroded for several miles." After the nomads from the city set fire, they smashed the city with rafters. Braving the cold, chisel the city with a big axe. Ming army shoots arrows, throws stones, flies fireballs and throws medicine cans; Nomads from behind are brave and risk their lives. The vanguard digs the frozen soil city and digs three or four big holes more than 20 feet high, and Ningyuan City is seriously threatened. Yuan Chonghuan took the lead in a serious crisis and was unfortunately injured. "Self-cracking shirt, wrapped in a left wound, fighting hard; I will be embarrassed, Li Fen will fight for the first place, and I will cover the city with my wings. " When the city was in danger, Yuan Chonghuan ordered officers and men to wrap gunpowder with reed flowers and quilts, and named it "ten thousand enemies"; And "tie wood to burn oil, mix gunpowder, and tie it with iron rope to burn"; And choose 50 Ding Jian to burn with cotton powder and other things, killing the post-nomadic warriors who dug the wall-"Mars is everywhere" Mingfangtang Daily records: "Thieves dug three or four places, and the city was twenty feet high, so the fireball (qiú) torches were thrown around and lit with chains, and the cards began to burn, and the people in the cave city began to die, but the thieves were a little less. The golden boy sentenced his hand to fire a cannon, which was actually used to kill him. The thieves' bodies piled up under the city. "On this day, 8 jin j after the siege, from early morning to late at night, the body product at the gate, almost trapped in the city.

twenty-fifth

Nomads from the siege again. Fired at the city, "the gun was over the top, and killing Beiqi was nothing." Post-nomads are afraid of sharp guns, and they cringe. "Its leader drove his troops away with a knife and only returned to the city gate." The soldiers of the late Jin Dynasty robbed the body at the gate and transported it to the brick kiln outside the west gate for burning. Although he continued to attack the city, the attack could not be overcome, so he ordered to retreat. Two days after 8 jin j besieged the city, * * * defeated two guerrillas and prepared two royals, with 500 soldiers, who were on fire and defeated. Nurhachi was forced to stop attacking the city and retreat to the Dragon Palace Temple, five miles southwest of the city.

26

After that, the nomads continued to attack the city, and the Ming army continued to fire western artillery bombardment. Nuerhachi had nothing to do, so he changed his offensive strategy and ordered Unnag to lead an army to cross the sea on ice and attack Juehua Island, a grain storage base of the Ming army.

Yuan Chonghuan just repelled, 8 jin j attack, send matsui, Ma Yougong, tied them from the city, galloped through shanhaiguan, report the situation in the high place. Emperor Gao sent a message to the imperial court: "A slave thief attacked Ningyuan, shot a big leader, wrapped him in red cloth, and the thief carried him away, crying loudly. Divide troops and attack Juhua Island, burning and looting grain, grass and goods. "

In the battle of Ningyuan, an important figure in the late Jin Dynasty was wounded by a bright shell. The records in each book are slightly different, and they are quoted as follows: (1) Buy Hony cannon made in Australia and Portugal next year.

Emperor Gaul of Liao Jing in Ming Dynasty reported: "A slave thief attacked Ningyuan, shot and killed a big leader, wrapped in red cloth, and the thief carried him."

Zhang Dai recorded in "Stone Room Book": "If the gun goes too far, it will kill the north rider, and the yellow dragon curtain will hurt the king. Beiqi said that it was unfavorable to send troops, wrapped in skin and cried and ran. "

North Korea's Lee described the battle of Ningyuan in "A Moonlight Record in Chunpo Pond", which is now copied later: "Han Yuan, a translator from China, joined the mission in the DPRK. Seeing that it is appropriate to worship Huan, it is fun to worship Huan. Please borrow the special envoy and take him to his town to see his battle. Military restraint is unknown, but the army is quiet. Chonghuan and several three aides are just chatting with each other. And the thief reported the sedan chair to the watchtower, and talked with Yuan and others about the past, which was a little carefree. Suddenly, a cannon shot shocked the world. I'm afraid I can't lift my head. Chonghuan smiled and said,' Here comes the thief!' But when I opened the window, I saw thieves and soldiers coming in from all over the country, and there was no sound in the city. When the thief entered the outer city that night, Gai Chonghuan started the outer city, thinking that he would lure him into the ground. Because the thieves attacked the city together and fired guns, the city caught fire for a while, illuminating the world and throwing stones down. The fighting party is in full swing, and every time it goes to town, it launches wooden cabinets, which are very big and long, half in the city and half outside the city. Soldiers are in the middle, standing on the cabinets and leaning down. If so, hay oil and cotton have been thrown out of the city countless times. In a short time, the ground artillery exploded, the earth and stone in the city rose, the conference semifinals were seen in the fire, and the whole army was in the air. Countless people fell into chaos, and thieves retreated. In the next dynasty, I saw thieves gathered on the edge of Xiao Ye, like leaves. Chonghuan immediately sent an envoy and prepared something to thank him, saying,' Veterans have been wandering around the world for a long time, and they have been defeated by boys every day. "How many people are there!" Nurhachi was seriously injured first, and there were gifts and famous horses to thank him. Please take advantage of the period of fighting again and die because of his illness. "

On the whole, in terms of tactics, the historical conclusion is that Nurhachi defeated Ningyuan. The battle of Ningyuan between the Ming Dynasty and the late Jin Dynasty ended in the victory of the Ming Dynasty and the failure of the late Jin Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, "Ningyuan was besieged, and the whole country was furious". The news of Ningyuan's victory was endless, and the capital was normal, and the empty lanes congratulated each other. Ningyuan triumph is the first triumph since the fall of Fushun in Ming Dynasty. This is a great victory, because "Liao Zuo made an attack and every city ran into the wind and collapsed." Eight years later, thieves began to fall "; It is also a great victory of "1989 to stop the invasion of hundreds of thousands of troops and shake the accumulation". Tomorrow, the emperor will announce: "This is something that has never happened in seven or eight years, and it is so deep that the court can't breathe!" Therefore, Ningyuan and Ningyuan won a great victory, which has a special position and significance for the Ming Dynasty: Ningyuan is a barrier between mountains and seas, which is related to the safety of the capital and the survival of the world. Contrary to the Ming Dynasty, Nurhachi originally proposed to take Shanhaiguan from Ningyuan City, only to be defeated by Yuan Chonghuan. At that time, Yuan Chonghuan was 43 years old and he experienced the war for the first time; Nurhachi is 68 years old and has been through battle. Nurhachi suffered the worst failure in Ningyuan in 44 years. The Ming army won a great victory in the battle of Ningyuan, and Wang Yongguang, a minister of the Ministry of War, praised Yuan Chonghuan's achievements to the emperor:

Liao Zuofa attacked, and all cities fell into collapse. Thieves began to fall in eight years, but I knew someone was in China! Gaiyuan Chen Dao Yuan Chonghuan's usual kindness is awesome! Otherwise He Ningyuan didn't make a dash for the door of traitors and spies should be inside? This official is smart and brave, so his position should be superior and all foreign affairs should be entrusted to him.

For the enemy chief Nurhachi, the greatest pain in the battle of Ningyuan was the failure of command. The Record of Emperor Wu of the Qing Dynasty recorded the defeat of Nurhachi Ningyuan, saying: Since the emperor conquered at the age of 25, he has been invincible, but Ningyuan could not even hold a city, so he returned in a rage.