I want to know everything about Spain.

Country name: Spain

National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel horizontal rectangles, all of which are red from top to bottom, each accounting for1/4 of the flag surface; The middle is yellow. The yellow part is painted with the national emblem of Spain on the left. Red and yellow are the traditional colors that the Spanish people love, and they represent the four ancient kingdoms that make up Spain.

National emblem: the central pattern is the coat of arms. There are six patterns on the shield: a yellow castle on the red ground in the upper left corner and a red lion wearing a crown on the white ground in the upper right corner. The castle and the lion are symbols of ancient Spain, symbolizing Castilla and Leon respectively; In the lower left corner is a yellow-red vertical bar, symbolizing Aragon in the northeast; In the lower right corner is a golden chain net on the red ground, symbolizing Navarra in the north; The bottom is a red pomegranate with green leaves on a white background, symbolizing Granada in the south; There are three lilies in the blue oval in the center of the shield, which symbolizes the country's prosperity, people's happiness and national unity. There is a big crown at the top of the coat of arms, which is a symbol of state power. There is a Hercules column on each side of the coat of arms. Also known as the Hercules Silver Pillar, the top of the left and right pillars are the crown and the imperial crown respectively, and the ribbon wound on the pillar reads "There are continents overseas".

National anthem: the royal March

National flower: pomegranate flower

National Stone: Emerald

State dignitaries: King Juan Carlos I ascended the throne in June197511; Prime Minister jose maria Aznar became Prime Minister in May 2000 and was re-elected.

Physical geography: covers an area of 505,925 square kilometers. Iberian peninsula in southwest Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay in the north, Portugal in the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south, France and Andorra in the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast. The coastline is about 7800 kilometers long. The territory is mountainous and is one of the alpine countries in Europe. 35% of the country's areas are above 1000 meters above sea level, and the plains only account for 1 1%. The main mountain ranges are Cantabria and Pyrenees. The Mullah Peak in the south is 3478 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. The central plateau has a continental climate, the northern and northwestern coasts have a maritime temperate climate, and the southern and southeastern parts have a Mediterranean subtropical climate.

Population: 39.85 million (1998 65438+1October). Mainly Castilians (that is, Spaniards), and ethnic minorities include Catalans, Basques and Galicians. The official language is Castilian, which means Spanish. In Catalonia, Basque and Galicia, their national languages are also official languages. 96% of the residents believe in Catholicism.

Capital: Madrid.

Administrative divisions: The whole country is divided into 17 autonomous regions, 50 provinces and 8047 towns. 17 The autonomous regions are: Andalusia, Aragon, asturias, Balearic, Basque, Canary, Cantabria, Castilla-Leon, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Estremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, la rioja and Valencia.

Brief history: Celts migrated from Central Europe in the 9th century BC. Since the 8th century BC, Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreigners and ruled by Romans, Visigoths and Moors for a long time. The Spanish have long resisted foreign aggression. 1492, they won the "Recovery Movement" and established the earliest unified central kingship country in Europe.

In June 65438+in the same year 10, Columbus discovered the West Indies. Since then, Spain has gradually become a maritime power with colonies in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. 1588, the "Armada" was defeated by Britain and began to decline. 1873, the bourgeois revolution broke out and the first Republic was established. 1874 65438+ February Dynasty Restoration. In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the last colonies in America and Asia-Pacific-Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines were lost. Remain neutral in the first world war. 193 1 In April, the dynasty was overthrown and the Second Republic was established. 1936 In February, a coalition government with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Producer Party was established. In July of the same year, Franco launched a rebellion. After three years of civil war, he seized power in April of 1939 and practiced dictatorship for 36 years. 1943 In February, it entered into a military alliance with Germany and participated in the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. 1947 In July, Franco declared Spain a monarchy and became a lifelong head of state. 1in July, 966, Juan Carlos, grandson of the last king Alfonso XIII, was appointed as the heir. 1975 1 1 Franco died of illness, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne and the monarchy was restored. 1in July, 976, the king appointed the former secretary-general of the National Movement, A Suarez, as prime minister, and began the transition to western parliamentary democracy.

Politics: According to the Constitution, Spain is a country with social democracy and the rule of law and a parliamentary monarchy. The throne was inherited by Juan Carlos I and his direct descendants. The king is the head of state and the supreme commander of the armed forces, representing the country. Parliament consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which exercises the legislative power of the state and supervises the work of the government. The government is responsible for governing the country and reporting to the parliament.

Diplomacy: it advocates "peace and security" and pursues a foreign policy of "Europeanization, Westernization and Democratization" with "peace, disarmament, protection of human rights and international cooperation and unity" as the leading principles.

Comprehensive: covers an area of 504,750 square kilometers. The population is 39.04 million (199 1 year). They are mainly Castilians (that is, Spaniards), and the ethnic minorities are Catalans (about 6 million people), Basques and Galicians. Castilian (Spanish) is the official language and national language. In Catalonia, Basque and Galicia, their national languages are also official languages. 94% of the residents believe in Catholicism. Madrid, the capital. Iberian peninsula in southwest Europe. It borders Portugal in the west, France and Andorra in the northeast, the Bay of Biscay in the north, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south, and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast. The coastline is about 3904 kilometers long (excluding Balearic Islands and Canary Islands). The central plateau has a continental climate, while the northern and northwest coasts have a maritime climate. The average temperature in the capital 10 is 65438 4.9℃, and it is 22.5℃ in August. 1492 After the victory of the "Recovery Movement", a unified Spanish feudal dynasty was established. In the same year1October 12, Columbus arrived in the West Indies. Since then, the west has gradually become a maritime power, with colonies in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. 1588 "invincible ship" was defeated by Britain and began to decline. The first Republic was founded in 1873. The Second Republic was founded in 193 1 year. 1947, Franco declared the west a monarchy, and he could not be the first country for life. 1975165438+10 Franco died in October, and Juan Carlos I ascended the throne. 1in July, 976, the king appointed the former secretary-general of the National Movement, A Suarez, as prime minister, and began the transition to western parliamentary democracy. The workers' socialist party won the general election to form a cabinet. Since then, the Communist Party has been in power in three general elections: 1986, 1989 and 1993.

Physical geography is located in the Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe, namely the Pyrenees Peninsula, accounting for 4/5 of the peninsula area. It is located between 36 ~ 44 north latitude, 918 ′ west longitude and 319 ′ east longitude. The maximum distance from north to south is 840 kilometers, and the distance from east to west is about 1000 kilometers. Its territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the northwest ocean of Africa. It is the largest country in southwest Europe, second only to France in western Europe. Equivalent to 1/20 of the total area of Europe. The Meseta Plateau in central Spain is an enclosed plateau surrounded by mountains, accounting for about 60% of the national area, with an average elevation of 600-800 meters. Spain has many mountains. In the north, there are the Pyrenees and Cantabria mountains that run through the east and west. In the south, the Andalusian Mountains along the east-west direction of the border have its highest peak, and Mount Murasen, which is 3478 meters above sea level, is the highest point in Spain. The Nagali Islands were formed by the eruption of a large volcano. It consists of 13 volcanic islands with a total area of 7273 square kilometers. The inland of Spain is extremely short of water, and most parts of Spain have mild climate, little rain, dry and windy. Spain has a diverse climate, and the Meseta Plateau in the middle is continental, with a severe cold of -25℃ in winter and a high temperature of over 40℃ in summer. The average annual rainfall in the plateau area is about 500 mm, and the northern and northwestern regions have a maritime temperate climate with little temperature difference between winter and summer. 65438+ 10, the monthly average temperature is 9℃, and the July average temperature is 19℃. The rainfall here exceeds 1000 mm. The southern and southeastern parts have a Mediterranean subtropical climate, characterized by hot summer and warm and rainy winter. Spain's forests cover about 30%. Forest resources are mainly concentrated in the northern coastal areas, with a total forest area of 1 1.79 million hectares. Spain's cork production ranks second in the world after Portugal, and it is an important export material of Spain. Spain is rich in fishery resources. There are 450 species of fish in the Mediterranean Sea, of which tuna has the most economic value. The Atlantic Ocean and the Bay of Biscay are rich in sardines and cod, both of which are very famous.

Population and Nationality Spain's population ranks fifth in Europe, second only to Germany, Italy, Britain and France. Spain's population distribution is extremely uneven, with only 1/3 residents on the mainland, accounting for about two-thirds of the country's area. The population of Spain is very mobile. According to statistics, the total population of Spain who emigrated to other countries after the war was about 6.5438+0.5 million. The total number of Spaniards living abroad exceeds 3.36 million, including 2.207 million in America and 6.5438+0.07 million in Europe. Spain's population is also very mobile. At present, about 300,000 to 500,000 people migrate in China every year, mainly from rural areas to cities, and from remote areas to economically developed areas or tourist spots. Spain is a multi-ethnic country, the main ethnic group is Castilians, that is, Spaniards, accounting for 70% of the total population. Followed by Catalans, about 6.9 million, accounting for18.8% of the total population; Galician, about 3 million, accounting for 8.2%; Basque people, about 850 thousand, accounting for 2.3%; There are 40,000 Gypsies, 30,000 Portuguese, 30,000 Americans and 20,000 Cubans.

Language and Religion Spanish originated from ancient Latin and has a history of 1000 years. Spanish is the official language of Spain. In minority areas. Their respective national languages are also official languages. Spanish is the common language of some countries in Latin America, Equatorial Guinea in Africa and several countries in North Africa. It is also a common language in parts of the Philippines. At present, there are 230 million people in the world who use Spanish. Spanish is one of the common languages of the United Nations. 94% of the inhabitants of Spain believe in Catholicism. Catholicism has a great influence on Spanish life. In addition, there are 30,000 Protestants and a few Baptists.

Folk custom "Cauldron Rice" 1987 broke the record of "Guinness" paella (similar to China's eight-treasure rice) twice in Spain. The original record was 1.5 million people cooking a pot of paella. This year's record is to cook "big pots" for 30,000 people and 60,000 people twice. Paella is a kind of food often eaten in Valencia and Spain as a whole. It is made of rice, meat, fish and beans and is very popular with foreign tourists. "Honeymoon Island" Spain is located in the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. It has the largest island of Mallorca, with beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. In the mid-1950s, more than 65,438,000 young men and women got married collectively in France. They yearned for the charming scenery of Mallorca for a long time and met here for their honeymoon. Afterwards, many newly married young men and women in Europe regarded this place as the best honeymoon place. Over time, the island was called "Honeymoon Island". Bullfighting bullfighting is considered as the "quintessence" and "national skill" of Spain and is known as the "kingdom of bullfighting". The bullfighting in Spain has always attracted the attention and appreciation of the world public. Women in power day. It is said that the Moors captured segovia Castle in Samara in 1227. When people were at a loss, some women, such as St. Agda, stepped forward and led men and other women to launch a special struggle with the enemy, eventually driving the enemy away and retaking the castle. Many women died heroically. In order to commemorate the women who died in the defense of their hometown, later generations decided to take two days in February every year as "Martyrdom Day", and women held various commemorative activities in power, also known as "Women in Power Day". In these two days, from public affairs to family, all the power held by men was given to women. Women "elect their own two mayors" and perform the power of mayors. On this day, under the command of the "female mayor", women carried the giant statue of St. Agda, the guardian of the castle, to the church guarded by men. This symbolizes the capture of segovia Castle.