Liangshan South China Architecture

The Beijing-Kowloon Railway was opened to traffic on 1 September, 19961(July of the Year of the Rat 19), starting from Beijing West Railway Station in the north, passing through 98 cities and counties in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces, reaching Shenzhen in the south, connecting Hong Kong and Kowloon, including completion in the same period. After three years' efforts, the Beijing-Kowloon Railway has completed 260 million cubic meters of earthwork in front of the station, excavated 150 tunnels, built10 new bridges, laid 36 16 kilometers of main line and 1098 kilometers of station line. * * * Construction of 202 large and small stations with 2.287 million square meters of houses; Laying 2273 kilometers of communication optical cables; Nearly 4000 kilometers of power lines have been set up and 50 new distribution stations have been built. The opening and operation of the Beijing-Kowloon Railway will ease the transportation tension between the north and the south and change the "bottleneck" situation of the railway; Improve the road network layout and give full play to the comprehensive benefits of transportation; Maintain the stability and prosperity of Hong Kong and Macao and promote the great cause of peaceful reunification of the motherland; It is of great practical and far-reaching historical significance for the old revolutionary areas along the route to adapt to opening up, develop the economy and speed up poverty alleviation.

The whole line is towed by diesel locomotives, and there are electrified lines from Nanchang to xiang tang (Zhejiang-Jiangxi electrification extension).

Major cities along the way

Beijing

Hebei: Hengshui

Shandong: Liaocheng and Heze

Henan: Shangqiu

Anhui: Bozhou and Fuyang

Hubei: Macheng

Jiangxi: Jiujiang, Nanchang, Ji 'an and Ganzhou

Guangdong: Heyuan, Huizhou and Shenzhen

Hong Kong

Brief Introduction of Beijing-Kowloon Railway (Hong Kong Section)

Beijing-Kowloon Railway (Hong Kong Section), known as "Kowloon-Canton Railway" in Hong Kong and formerly known as Kowloon-Canton Railway (British Section), starts from Luohu Bridge in the north and ends at Hung Hom in Kowloon in the south, with a total length of 35.4 kilometers.

The Kowloon-Canton Railway is planned to be built in 1898. It is divided into two parts, China and Britain, which are responsible for the construction. 1905, the British Hong Kong government decided to implement this plan. 1907, the project of Duan Hua from Shenzhen to Guangzhou Dashatou started, with a total length of143.2km.. The Kowloon-Canton Railway was completed and opened to the public on 19 10/month 1 day. The total construction cost is1300,000. At that time, the Kowloon-Canton Railway (British section) started from Kowloon Terminus, and there were only five stations along the route: Yau Ma Tei, Sha Tin, Tai Po, Tai Po Market Flag Station and Fanling. At the beginning, the Kowloon-Canton Railway was a monorail. /kloc-in the 1970s, the British Hong Kong government developed new towns, and the Kowloon-Canton Railway was changed to double-track electrification. 1996 The British section of Kowloon-Canton Railway was renamed Kowloon-Canton Railway. At present, there are 65,438+03 stations on the Kowloon-Canton Railway running between Kowloon City and Luohu Port.

At present, the Kowloon-Canton Railway has 200 pairs of commuter trains running between Kowloon and Lo Wu every day. In addition, the Kowloon-Guangzhou Railway runs ten pairs of passenger trains every day, from Kowloon to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Foshan and Zhaoqing. And three freight trains, postal trains and express trains. , is the only railway line in China that is enjoyed by long-distance passenger trains and city bus commuter trains.

Beijing-Kowloon Railway is the fifth trunk line of China North-South Railway. It starts from Beijing West Railway Station in the north and ends in Kowloon, Hong Kong in the south, with a total length of 2,536 kilometers. The northern section of the line crosses gentle terrain, and the southern section is densely populated with tunnels. Wuzhishan Tunnel, with a total length of 4,465 meters, is the longest tunnel in the whole line, and it also contains the most radioactive materials in China at present (at the end of 2006). Beijing-Kowloon Line is a double-track railway and diesel locomotive.

This magnificent project, which attracts worldwide attention and faces the 2 1 century, was officially put into production on September 1 this year. The Beijing-Kowloon Railway is not only a traffic artery running through the north and south, but also a scenic tourist hotline. When people travel from Beijing to Kowloon, they will find that along the way, "history and humanities are gathered together, places of interest are linked together, and natural scenery is combined", and a pleasing natural scenery and cultural landscape are displayed in front of people. Please see:

Beijing West Railway Station is the first stop of Beijing-Kowloon Line, which is located next to Lianhuachi, a scenic spot in Beijing. Out of Hengshui, to the south is the largest post station in Beijing. Jizhou, the head of Kyushu in ancient times, is a heroic warrior in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Jing Ke's stabbing of the king of Qin is one of the eternal songs. After crossing Hengshui, we entered the places of interest in western Shandong. First, Linqing, where the ancient canal is green and the pagoda temple stands tall, and then Liaocheng, one of the nine commercial ports in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Liaocheng has developed commerce and agriculture for hundreds of years, and now Liaocheng Lake with a total area of 4.2 square kilometers is being built around the city, which will become an urban lake tourist area comparable to Hangzhou Xizi Lake. Further south is yanggu county, the hometown of Water Margin, where a series of stories such as "Wang Po said he was taking bribes and Song Wu killed Ximen Qing" took place. At that time, Lion Building was still located in the Cross Street of the county seat.

Crossing Yanggu to Yuncheng, Song Jiang's hometown, passing through Jingyang Gang in the middle, and crossing the Gang is the famous Liangshan Mountain in Shui Bo. Now, the whole mountain group here is being turned into a "Water Margin Exhibition Hall", which is filled with the remains of the water margin story. At that time, people will be able to see the style of Liangshan heroes in the past.

From Yuncheng to the south, the Beijing-Kowloon Line runs through Heze, Shandong, Shangqiu, Henan, Fuyang, Anhui, and Jiujiang, a cultural and scenic city in Binjiang, Jiangxi, and begins its journey to a famous historical and cultural city in the middle section. Heze, formerly known as Cao Zhou, not only has more than 580 varieties of 10,000 mu peony gardens, but also breeds a large number of historical celebrities such as Zuo Qiuming, Sun Bin, Yi Yin, Wuqi, Huang Chao and Song Jiang. Known as the hometown of peony, calligraphy and painting, drama and martial arts, this historic city is a rare tourist attraction integrating human landscape, folk art and traditional culture in China. Shangqiu, called Yingtian in ancient times, is located at the intersection of Beijing, Kowloon and Longhai. It was first the capital of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Song Dynasty, and then it became the capital of Beijing. It has a long history. It was once as famous as Xijing Luoyang and Tokyo Bianliang, and was once famous. Its ancient ruins can be seen everywhere. Throughout the ages, Fuyang, the distribution center of goods between North and South, has accumulated thousands of years of history and culture. Guan Zhong, a politician in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, a philosopher Zhuangzi, Cao Cao, a celebrity in the Three Kingdoms Period, and Hua Tuo, a medical sage, each took the lead in practicing martial arts, making it a good place for tourists to visit ancient times. Jiujiang is located at the intersection of Beijing-Kowloon Railway and Yangtze River. It has 300 miles of Kuanglu Mountain in the south and 600 miles of Poyang Lake in the east. It is the most dazzling tourist pearl on the Beijing-Kowloon Railway. It is the national scenic spot of Lushan Mountain, Mazu Mountain National Forest Park, world-class alpine botanical garden, national natural migratory bird reserve beside Poyang Lake, and the ancient battlefield where Shi Zhongshan, Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang fought in Hukou. Natural landscape and human landscape complement each other, and it has always been a tourist attraction, with celebrities coming forth in large numbers.

Leaving Jiujiang Lushan Resort and continuing southbound along the Beijing-Kowloon Line, you came to Nanchang, the holy land of revolution. This big city with a population of 2 million, with the gunshot of the "August 1 Uprising", is famous as the "Hero City" in the world, and the famous scenery of Teng Wangge, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, is famous at home and abroad. The vast land from Nanchang via Ji 'an to the south-central section of Beijing-Kowloon Line is mostly the famous old revolutionary base areas such as Dabie Mountain, Jinggangshan, Gannan and northern Guangdong, and it is a revolutionary holy land where people admire martyrs and carry out patriotic education.

From Ji 'an in the north of Jinggangshan to Kowloon in Hong Kong, the terminal of Beijing-Kowloon Line, there are numerous tourist attractions, mainly Ji 'an, a picturesque "cultural justice capital"; In the revolutionary war, 54 generals emerged to rejuvenate the country; Ruijin, the seat of the first red regime; Ganzhou, Du Yu and Huichang with a history of 2,000 years. , finally entered the window of China's economic reform and opening up. Guangdong Province, with beautiful natural scenery and unique southern characteristics, passed through Huizhou and Shenzhen and reached the terminal of the Oriental Pearl-Kowloon, Hong Kong. The scenery is spectacular all the way, which makes people linger.

If the beauty of the Beijing-Kowloon Line is impressive, then the Beijing-Kowloon Line itself, elaborately decorated by the design masters of the Third and Fourth Institutes of the Institute of Iron Science, is also amazing and shocking. According to the different cultural characteristics of cities and counties along the route, the design masters designed the 134 bus stop passing through nine provinces and cities as one stop and one scene, which is antique and modern, and fits with the local customs and human landscape. Juancheng is the hometown of Sun Bin, an ancient strategist. Juancheng Post Station is beautified according to the style of ancient marching and fighting. Liangshan Station moved the "Juyitang" in Water Margin to the platform; Qingcheng Station in Jiangxi * * * adopts modern style, and the curved wall rises upward, symbolizing the vigorous and upward style of young people in * * * and so on. When people travel in the field, they can browse the unique humanities and natural scenery without getting off the bus. It can be said that there are many tourist hotspots on the Beijing-Kowloon Line.

South-to-North water diversion

general layout

After the idea of "South-to-North Water Diversion" was put forward in 1950s, after decades of research, the overall layout of South-to-North Water Diversion was determined as: transferring water from the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to meet the development needs of northwest and north China, that is, the west route project, the middle route project and the east route project of South-to-North Water Diversion. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is divided into three water transfer routes: east, middle and west. Upon completion, it will be connected with the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, forming the overall pattern of "four horizontals and three verticals, north-south allocation and east-west mutual assistance" of water resources in China.

Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion: Water is diverted from the dam at the head of Taocha Canal in Danjiangkou Reservoir after expansion, and then transported along the planned route, passing through Fangchengyakou, the watershed between Yangtze River and Huaihe River along the west side of Tangbai River Basin, and then passing through the Yellow River along Gubaizui, west of Zhengzhou, along the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, which can basically flow to Beijing and Tianjin by itself. The plan is implemented in two stages. Recently, water was diverted from Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Hanjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, along the Funiu Mountain and the piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain, ending in Beijing. In the future, we will consider transferring water from the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River or the main stream of the Yangtze River below to increase the amount of water transferred to the north. The middle route project has the advantages of good water quality, large coverage and self-flowing water delivery, and is a major infrastructure to solve the water crisis in North China. The preliminary research work of the mid-line project began in the early 1950s. Over the past 40 years, the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, together with relevant provinces, cities and departments, has carried out a great deal of survey, planning, design and scientific research. 1994 1 month, the Ministry of Water Resources approved the feasibility study report of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project compiled by the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, and reported it to the State Planning Commission to suggest the construction of the project. West Line Project: Dams and reservoirs will be built in the upper reaches of Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and a water conveyance tunnel will be dug in Bayankala, the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, to introduce the Yangtze River water into the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The water supply target of the West Line Project is mainly to solve the water shortage problem in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong Plain of Weihe River in six provinces (autonomous regions) such as Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Combined with the construction of the key water control project in the main stream of the Yellow River, water can also be supplied to the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province adjacent to the Yellow River basin, and water can be replenished to the lower reaches of the Yellow River when necessary.

Engineering layout

The main project of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project consists of two parts: water source project and water conveyance project. The water source area project is the late continuation of Danjiangkou water control project and the compensation project in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River. The water conveyance project is the main canal for water diversion from Hanjiang River and Tianjin. (1) water source area project 1. Danjiangkou Reservoir is a continuation project of Danjiangkou Water Control Project, which controls 60% of the Hanjiang River Basin, with an average natural runoff of 40.85 billion m3 for many years. Considering the upstream development, it is predicted that the water volume in 2020 will be 38.54 billion m3. On the basis of initial scale, Danjiangkou Water Control Project was completed as planned. The elevation of the dam crest is increased from the current 162m to 176.6m, and the designed water level is increased from 157m to 170m, with a total storage capacity of 29.05 billion m3, an increase of 1650 compared with the initial stage. When the normal water level of Danjiangkou Reservoir is 1.70m in the later period, the submerged area will increase by 370km2. According to the survey of 1.992, the main physical indicators of inundation are: population: 224,000 houses: 4,794,000 m2 of cultivated land: 235,000 mu of industrial and mining enterprises: 1.20 (township enterprises), and the original value of submerged fixed assets. 2. Compensation Project for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River In order to avoid the possible adverse impact of recent water transfer on the water consumption in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, it is necessary to build: the chemical engineering of the main canal is booming or the Nianpanshan hub, the Dongjing River diversion project, the reconstruction and expansion of some sluice stations and the addition of some waterway regulation projects. (2) Water conveyance project 1. The route of the main canal south of the Yellow River is limited by the position of the built canal head, the Yangtze-Huaihe River watershed, and the scope of crossing the Yellow River, and the direction is clear. In the north of the Yellow River, two schemes, the existing water conveyance scheme and the newly-opened river scheme, are compared, and the newly-opened river expressway scheme is selected from two aspects of ensuring water quality and self-flow of the whole line. The main canal takes water from the head of Taocha Canal in Xichuan County, Nanyang City, extends along the completed 8-kilometer channel, travels northeast in the area where the foot of Funiu Mountain and the plain alternate, crosses Nanyang Baihe River, and then enters the Huaihe River Basin through Fangcheng, the Jianghuai watershed. After Baofeng, Yuzhou and Xinzheng West, it crosses the Yellow River at Gubaizui in the northwest of Zhengzhou. Then along the piedmont plain at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway goes north to Tangxian County, enters the hilly area, crosses Juma River in the north, crosses Yongding River and enters Beijing area, ending in Yuyuantan. Total length of main canal1241.2km ... Tianjin main canal divides water eastward from the north main canal of Xiheishan Village in xushui county, Hebei Province to Tianjin Xihe Gate, with a total length of 142km. The design water level at the head of the main canal is 147.2m, and the end point is 49.5m, and the whole line flows by itself. The water level and flow of main control points are: design flow of control point or canal section (m3/s), design water level (elevation of Yellow Sea), (m) from the head of canal to Fangcheng 630 (increased by 800). 147.2 ~ 137.8 crosses the Yellow River 500119.5 ~106.0 enters Hebei 415910.3 enters Beijing 706/kloc-3. North of the Yellow River1/30000 ~115000. According to different soil conditions, the whole channel is lined with concrete, cement-soil and shotcrete gypsum to prevent leakage and reduce roughness. The design water depth of the canal gradually decreases with the design discharge from south to north, from 9.5m at the head of the canal to 3.5m in Beijing, and the width of the bottom varies from 56m to 7m. The engineering geological conditions and main geological problems of the main canal are basically clear. Corresponding engineering measures were taken in the design, which solved the problems of channel slope stability in expansive soil and loess canal section, vibration liquefaction in saturated sand section and earthquake resistance in high earthquake broken section, coal pressing and goaf collapse in coal mining area. The Grand Canal connects the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River. It is necessary to cross the main stream of the Yellow River and other rivers with a basin area larger than lOkm2, and cross 44 railways. It is necessary to build 57 1 highway bridge across the main canal, as well as control gates, sluices, backwater structures, tunnels and culverts. There are various buildings on the main canal * * 936. Tianjin main canal crosses 48 rivers, with buildings 1 19. 2. The main canal of the Yellow River crossing project crosses the Yellow River in Taohuayu reservoir area planned by the Yellow River basin. The Yellow River crossing project is the most critical building on the main canal because of its large scale, complex problems and high investment. Through the comprehensive study and comparison of multiple schemes, it is considered that the aqueduct and tunnel inverted rainbow are technically feasible. Because the tunnel scheme can avoid the contradiction with the Yellow River regime and planning, and the shield construction technology can be used for reference at home and abroad, combined with the layout of canal lines on both sides of the strait, the Gubaizui tunnel scheme is recommended. The total length of the tunnel crossing the Yellow River is about 7.2km, the designed water conveyance capacity is 500m3/s, and two circular cross-section tunnels with an inner diameter of 8.5m are adopted. (3) Main quantities of earthwork excavation and investment of 600 million m3; Stone excavation of 600 million m3; Earth and stone filling of 230 million m3; Concrete15.83 million m3; Cement-soil lining 765438+800000 m3; 700,000 tons of steel bars; The middle line project covers a permanent area of 422,000 mu (including 235,000 mu in the reservoir area) and a temporary area of110.00 mu. The main factors controlling the progress of the project are the resettlement of the Danjiangkou reservoir area and the Yellow River crossing project of the main canal project. The yellow river crossing project is excavated by shield machine, and the construction period is about six years, so the preparation period of the project should be considered. According to the price level at the end of 1993, the static total investment of the project is about 40 billion yuan.