History of Azerbaijanis

Main projects: history of Azerbaijan and history of Iran.

Azerbaijanis are thought to be named after the Persian aristocrat Artero butters. Atro butters was the satrap of Medea, who ruled Artero (now Iranian Azerbaijan) [25][26]. Azerbaijan has witnessed the residence and aggression of many ethnic groups, including Medes, Skettis, Persians, Armenians, ancient Greeks, Romans, Kosovars, Arabs, Ugus, Seljuks, Mongols and Russians.

Ancient Azerbaijanis used ancient Azerbaijani language, belonging to the Iranian branch of Indo-European language family. 1 1 century, with the invasion of seljuk empire, Tuckermann tribes in Oguz began to cross the Iranian plateau to reach Caucasus and Anatolia. Turkmen from Oguz entered, and other Turkmen were invaded by Mongols. Now the tribes in Oguz are divided into many small tribes. Most Sunnis have moved to Anatolia (such as Turks) and settled down, while some have stayed in the Caucasus. Later, due to the influence of Safavi Empire, he finally converted to Shia Islam. The latter continued to use Tuckermann for a long time: before the13rd century, they gradually formed a new group based on Shiites and using the oguz branch. However, it is obvious that Azerbaijanis were not fully formed until the 9th century. Ancient Iranians can still be found in remote mountainous areas or remote areas (such as Mount Harz, Galinga and Guyana). Now people who use Turkic are also called Azerbaijanis. Caucasian Albanians are considered as the earliest inhabitants of modern Azerbaijan. Early Iranian settlers, including scythia in the 9th century BC (usually called Saizi or Sakya in China history books), were nomadic people of Indo-European and East Iranian languages on the southern grassland, and lived with them from the European part of eastern Russia to Inner Mongolia and Ordos Desert, which was the earliest nomadic people in history). A race of Indo-European languages related to Persians) entered Azerbaijan.

As early as BC17th century, he entered the northeast of Iran, settled in the plateau area later known as Medea, and ruled the Aras River (the Asian river, which originated in Bingel Mountain in Turkey and Armenia, and flowed eastward. Hebei is Armenia, Henan is Turkey and Iran). The Medes in the southern region established an empire in 700-900 BC, and merged into Achemenid Empire around 550 BC (550-330 BC, also known as the first Persian Empire), which was the first Persian Empire to conquer most parts of Central Asia. The territory extends to Pakistan in the east, Turkey in the northwest, Macedonia and Thrace in Europe, and Egypt in the southwest. During this period, before the birth of Christianity, Zoroastrianism was the most influential religion in the Middle East, the state religion of the ancient Persian Empire, and the religion of Central Asia and other places. Once called "Zoroastrianism" by Muslims, it spread to the Caucasus and Patna in Atterlo.

In 330 BC, the Achaemenid empire was defeated by Alexander the Great, but the governor of Medea was allowed to remain in power. After the kingdom of Armenia, the Persian Seleucid dynasty (a dynasty centered on Syria) was established by Seleucid I, the Ministry of Alexander the Great, after the division of the Alexander Empire, including Iran and Armenia today (including a part of India in the early days). Seleucid dynasty is one of the most important countries in Hellenistic period, sometimes called Seleucid Kingdom or Seleucid Empire. After the decline in 247 BC, Artero Pates ruled the Albanian part of the Caucasus from 65438 BC +090 to 387 AD. Caucasian Albanians established an empire in the first century A.D., which remained largely independent until A.D. 252, when it was designated as a vassal state by Persian King Sasan. ..

King Urnayr, the ruler of Caucasian Albania, officially designated Christianity as the state religion in the 4th century, and Albania remained a Christian country until the 8th century. In 642 AD, Sasha Empire was defeated by Muslim Arabs, and its rule ended. In the process of advancing to the Caucasus, Arab Muslims defeated Sassanian Empire and Byzantine Empire. Prince Java led the Christian resistance movement, and Christianity surrendered in 667. After that, Arabs turned Caucasian Albania into their own vassal state. From the 9th century to10th century, Arab writers began to call the area from the Kula River to the Aras River Allen Island. During this period, Arabs from Basra and Kufa came to Azerbaijan and occupied the land abandoned by the local people. Arabs became the main landowners in this area. The transition from Christianity to Islam is very slow, because the resistance of local residents has been going on for centuries. With a small number of Arabs migrating to cities such as Tabrizi and Malaga, people's resentment is rising. 8/KLOC-From 0/6 to 837, the influx of immigrants triggered a large-scale rebellion of Iranian Azerbaijanis, which was led by a local Suo Luoya Stoic civilian named Babec. Despite small-scale persistent resistance, most Azerbaijani residents converted to Islam. Later, between the 10th and 11th centuries, the Kurdish dynasties of Chaddad and Rawadi ruled parts of Azerbaijan.

1 1 In the middle of the century, the Turkmen of Seljuk overthrew the rule of Arabs and established the Seljuk Empire, occupying most of southwest Asia. The Seljuk dynasty marked the influx of nomadic Oguz tribes into this region, and with the replacement of early Caucasian and Iranian languages by the ancient Turkic language in western Europe, it also marked the beginning of Turkization of Azerbaijan.

However, the works of contemporary writers, such as the Persian poet nizami Nezāmī Ganjav, prove that Iranian culture has been preserved on a large scale. The emergence of Turkization is recorded in narrative poems and epics. The earliest work is "The Book of Ancestor Kurkut", which mentioned fables about early Turks in Caucasus and Asia Minor. Turkic rule was interrupted by Mongols in 1227, and then Mongols and Timur ruled this area until 1405. During the reign of Sunni Qara Qoyunlū (Turkmen of the Black Sheep Dynasty) and Aq Qoyunlū (Turkmen of the Aries Dynasty), the rule of Turkey was restored until the Safar Dynasty seized power in 150 1. Safavid Empire originated from Persian people in Iran and existed until 1722. Safavid Empire established a modern Iranian form, which attracted much attention because of its achievements in national construction, architecture and science. The collapse of Safavid Empire was due to its internal decline and external pressure from Russia and Afghanistan. Safavid Empire encourages and spreads Shia Islam, which is an important part of the national characteristics of Iranian Azerbaijanis. Moreover, Shia Islam has the same significance for many Azerbaijanis in the north of Arasehu. Safavid Empire encouraged art and culture and Shah Abbas the Great created an atmosphere with strong academic atmosphere. According to some scholars, this atmosphere is a new golden age in Persia. Abbas reformed the government and army and responded to the people's demands.

The Safavid Empire was followed by a brief occupation by the Ottoman Empire. After Nader Shah Afsar, a Turkish chief from horasan, defeated the Afghans and regained the country, the chief tried to stabilize the internal affairs by balancing the Shia forces. Then came the brief Zander dynasty, followed by the Jakai dynasty, which ruled Azerbaijan and Iran from 65438 to 0779. During this period, Russia's approach threatened the Caucasus controlled by Iran. The Russian-Polish war began in the 18th century and ended in the early19th century. It ended with the signing of the Gulistan Treaty and the Turkmancha Treaty in 18 13. In the Mancha Treaty, part of the Caucasus territory of King Jakai was formally ceded to the Russian Empire.

The role of Iranian Azerbaijanis in the Iranian (bourgeois) constitutional revolution should not be underestimated. The great figures who explored the democratic revolution, Sotahan and Balhan, were both Iranian Azerbaijanis. 1906- 19 1 Iran's (bourgeois) constitutional revolution shocked the Jiakai dynasty, and the emperor of the Jiakai dynasty actually betrayed the country's tobacco and oil interests. In some areas, farmers began to rebel against tax collectors and landlords, who were the only inherent supporters of the monarchy. Democratic newspapers appeared, and Iranian scholars began to like modernism from Paris and Petrograd. Emperor Jia Kai and his British advisers suppressed the constitutional revolution. However, the demise of this dynasty cannot come too late. The last emperor of King Jakai quickly abdicated in a military coup, which was led by Rizahan, an officer from the ancient Cossack Corps. The regiment was established by Russia, with Russians as officers to protect the rulers of the Jiakai dynasty and the interests of Russia. In order to pursue the solemn homogeneity of all the people in this country where half of the population is composed of ethnic minorities, Rizahan quickly issued a series of bans on the use of Azerbaijani in schools, drama performances, religious ceremonies and finally book publishing. With the abdication of Rizahan in September 194 1, Russian troops occupied Tabrizi and northwestern Persia for military and strategic reasons. Under the leadership of said jaffar Pishevari, the Azerbaijani people's government, a vassal state established by Stalin's order, was announced in Tabrizi. However, under the pressure of western countries, Soviet troops quickly retreated, and by 1946, the Iranian government regained control of Azerbaijanis in Iran.

According to Professor Gerry R Hess:

165438+1October 1 1, an Iranian army entered Tabrizi, and the government of Pishevari fell instantly. Iranians are warmly welcomed by the Azerbaijani people, who strongly hope to be ruled by Tehran instead of Moscow. The Soviet Union's willingness to give up its influence in Azerbaijan probably stems from several factors, including the realization that its opinion of autonomy is expanding and the long-term goal that the Soviet Union is more eager for is its oil exploration rights.

Azerbaijanis in Iran have basically integrated into modern Iranian society. Today, Azerbaijanis are called Azerbaijan * * *, and the country experienced a short period of independence from Russian imperial rule to 19 18- 1920. Then, although at the Versailles Peace Treaty Conference of 19 19, Woodrow Wilson of the United States as a whole 1920, the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic was established on April 28th. 1922 On March 28th, it joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Federal Republic and merged into the Soviet Union; 1February 5, 936, became one of the countries directly under the Soviet Union. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan gained its independence in 199 1, but it was involved in the war with Armenia on the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh enclave.