When did feudal society begin?

First, the theoretical basis of Guo's "feudal society"

Marx believed that human society developed linearly, became more and more civilized, and the social system became more and more progressive, from primitive society to capitalist society. After accepting the universal principles of Marxism, China can only follow the prescription, and it must be a feudal society after the Qin Dynasty. It's like making a mold first, whether it's suitable or not, and then inserting it. After putting it in, it is found that it is not suitable, and the excess part is cut off. This is called cutting the foot to fit the shoe. As for what is in the mold, I can't see it anyway. I just write casually, so all history books with non-materialistic views have become reactionary banned books.

When a Marxist political party becomes the ruling party, especially after the political power is consolidated, it is not in the interests of the ruling party to use the theory of class struggle again, and the idea of national rejuvenation cannot be true. Can the dark national history be revived? In fact, it is easy to deny historical materialism, and the real history is there, and no one can hide it for a long time. The question is whether dialectical materialism can only go down the altar after historical materialism is established, and political economy has been denied by facts. How much truth does Marxism have? How long can a simple world outlook last?

Taking advantage of the trend is great wisdom, and the mainstay is helpless and will not last long. Does the truth need to be upheld? A political thought and system that adapts to social development, conforms to national interests and promotes the rise of Chinese civilization will be recognized and supported by society if it is not adhered to. On the contrary, no matter how big the goal is, drowning can only get twice the result with half the effort.

Seeking truth from facts is the great thought and valuable experience of China Party and Government.

Second, the comparison between China society and western society.

Marx's historical materialism is a historical research method based on the development of western society and is applicable to western history. That is, the contradiction of production relations between farmers who own the means of production and feudal lords has produced class struggle and promoted the development of productive forces. However, the social relations of production in China after Qin Dynasty were not contradictory, but very harmonious. The means of production, such as land and farm tools, are owned by farmers themselves and have nothing to do with others. How can there be contradictions? The same is true of political relations. Starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, anyone except the throne can become a member of the ruling class by virtue of his own ability and wisdom. As for China's ideological and cultural relationship, there is no dispute. No one was persecuted for his thoughts and beliefs, except Mr. Ying Zheng, who buried more than 400 conversations behind his back. You can trust whoever you want. Religious freedom in China began in the Han Dynasty, two thousand years earlier than today's human rights countries. Even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when Confucius became a sage of Confucius, the people who scolded him lived well. On the contrary, there is no imperial examination system in the west. They introduced the examination system from China after the mid-Kloc-0/9th century, when the Qing Dynasty forgot to collect patent fees. Before the capitalist system, the western regime was closed and hereditary. If you come from an ordinary person, even if you are a hundred times smarter and a hundred times greater than Christ, you are still an ordinary person who suffers. As for the cage of faith and thought, it is even more terrible. /kloc-were there few scientists burned to death in the 0/6th century? Copernicus and others were bookworms. If they immigrated to China like Einstein who later fled Germany, the Ming Dynasty would not stop them from studying the universe, and maybe even give them a bonus.

The following is19th century American evaluation of China's imperial examination system:

1848, Williams said in the book "The Middle Kingdom": "From the results of scientific research, many officials at the top of the China government have extremely admirable talents and knowledge, as well as patriotic, upright and orderly working attitudes. It has maintained the operation of the country's huge machine and maintained the enduring Chongwen atmosphere. "

1870, Speer (Chinese name Shi Huilian) said in the book "The Oldest and Youngest Countries: China and the United States": "The competition of China people makes the political principles of the whole government management open. Listen! In western countries, it has no hereditary rank, perhaps no personal glory, it has no power of wealth, it does not advocate cronyism, and it does not cater to secular prejudice and interests. "

In a word, the reason why the West has surpassed China is that it is far behind. The broad masses of people below the nobility are restricted from dreaming except eating, drinking and sleeping. If this system is not abolished, the European people will not survive. Compared with them, China is a paradise in heaven. /kloc-In the 6th century, after Europe knew that there was a paradise in the East, it desperately immigrated (not colonized) to China, and God knows it, so it discovered America and made a great voyage. Luck has come, and it is unstoppable. An idiot named Newton smashed an apple and invented gravity, so he started a big invention, and then he robbed and made a fortune. Marx gave these upstarts a name: the bourgeoisie. Actually, this class is the robber's grandson.

China lags behind because it has been ahead of the world for too long. There is no need to talk about the race between the tortoise and the hare. If we must use Marx's theory to find the objective factors, it is that China lacks the motivation and soil for ideological innovation, scientific research and system reform. If you have enough food and clothing, do whatever you want and think whatever you want, will you still die? Do you still want to overthrow the monarchy and establish peace?

China led the world by eliminating class differences and was eliminated by the world by eliminating class struggle.

This is the fate of history. If you want to complain, you should complain that you were not born in the era of Emperor Taizong. At that time, China people were old!

But in the eyes of Guo Moruo and other historical materialists, China is a dark society, a hell where people eat people, and a grave with only antiques.

Third, the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class is not prominent.

After the Qin Dynasty, China implemented the county system and privatized its land. The government collects taxes according to the land area and population, and everyone pays taxes except the emperor's second uncle and other relatives. As a result of land privatization, land annexation took place, so landlords, yeomen and tenant farmers appeared. Materialism teaches us that tenants are forced to sell their land, which is a big lie. For example, a family of five occupies 30 acres of land. If the per capita tax is converted into per person 1 mu according to the land harvest, the whole family will pay the per capita tax of 5 mu of harvest; If the land tax is 15 tax, 1, 30 mu should pay 2 mu of harvest, and the total tax is 7 mu of harvest. Rent someone else's land, the annual rent is 30 tax 1, plus the per capita tax, the annual tax is 6 mu. Moreover, land rent can be paid in the form of apportionment, which reduces the risk of natural disasters. Do farmers still grow their own land? Second, who is the landlord? On the surface, the owner of the land is the landlord, but it is not necessarily. In the case of a large population increase and tight land supply, tenants who have not yet reached the lease term can sublet their lease rights to others at a high price, and sometimes even to landowners. According to historical records, even in the late Qing Dynasty, when per capita arable land was tight, tenant farmers did not necessarily mean poverty. Because of their strong ability to resist risks, many tenant farmers' families without ridges are richer than self-employed. Once some tenants are optimistic about the rising trend of land prices, they will buy rented land and become landlords. Therefore, the tenant farmers in China are not necessarily poor, and the composition of tenant farmers and landlords often changes. Tenants have so many benefits, why are there landlords? The first advantage of land merger is that after the land scale is expanded, the efficiency of production tools is improved and the output per unit area is increased. The second advantage is that the government's land census is not timely (mostly once every three years), and the land can be hidden to avoid taxes. Therefore, on the whole, the landlord and tenant cooperate happily and both sides benefit. Different from tenant farmers and landlords, yeomen farmers in China are a group of honest people. They don't evade taxes, they are busy with farming all the year round, and they have no production relations with landlords and tenant farmers, and there is no so-called class contradiction. They are the most stable force in society.