Yellow river information!

The Yellow River originated in bayan har, Qinghai, but the real source is still controversial. Historically, people's understanding of the source of the Yellow River has a process.

"Shangshu Gong Yu" once recorded that "the stone is accumulated by drawing water from the river, but as for Longmen", and "the stone is accumulated" is located in Qingshan, Anima, near Xunhua Salar Autonomous County, Qinghai Province, which is still far from the source of the Yellow River. It is recorded in Shan Hai Jing and Er Ya that the river flows from Kunlun. After Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, it was said that the Yellow River originated in Khotan, flowed to Yanze in the east, then flowed underground, and flowed to the source of the river in the south (see Biography of Dawan in Historical Records). These statements are not accurate, but they continued until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people gradually established a correct understanding of the source of the Yellow River. In the fifth year of Yang Di the Great (609), Tuguhun was destroyed and later moved to Heyuan County, which is now part of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai and Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, indicating that people know that the Yellow River originated here. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (635), in order to quell the Tuguhun rebellion, Li Jing, Hou, Li Daozong and other generals once led troops to the area around the Star Sea. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty contains them "visiting the stars, Suzhou, Dabahai, Jishishan and Heyuan." . Xinghai has been called the source of the Yellow River since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, people began to make field trips to the source of the Yellow River. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu sent Du Shi and others to explore the source of the Yellow River and made a detailed investigation of the area around Xingsuhai. 13 15, Pan Anxiao wrote a book "Heyuan Zhi" based on his investigation in Du Fu's poems, clearly pointing out that the Yellow River originated in the southwest of the Star Sea, where "there are more than 100 wells with water gushing from the ground".

In the 43rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1704), Emperor Kangxi ordered Laxi and Lan Shu to explore the source of the Yellow River. When they arrived in Xinghai, they found that there were three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai, but they didn't catch up with the source. After Lacey and Lan Shu returned to Beijing, they drew a map of Heyuan, and Lan Shu also wrote a record of Heyuan. At the end of Kangxi, a nationwide topographic survey was organized. In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17), Lamar Qinzangbu, Ramba, the director of the hospital and others were sent to the Heyuan area for investigation. This trip "crosses the source of the river and involves Wan Li". After returning to Beijing, the survey results are drawn into the imperial map. This mapping also explored and mapped the source of the river above Xinghai.

In the forty-seventh year of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty (1782), Amitabha, the bodyguard of the famous gate in Qianlong, paid tribute to Heyuan. Amitabha arrived 300 miles west of Xinghai and made a field survey of three rivers in the upper reaches of Xinghai. It is determined that Allerstam Guole River (now Kaliqu) in the southwest of Xinghai is the upstream source of the Yellow River.

/kloc-from the 10th century to the early 20th century, western explorers and geographers went deep into the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for investigation activities, and they also went to Heyuan to collect natural and cultural materials, such as Akbar, Indian, Dutol, Aolun, Russian, Poole Geval, snook, kozlov, Faessler, Taibel, etc.

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he visited the source of the Yellow River many times. From 65438 to 0952, organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission and led by Xiang Lizhi and Dong Zaihua, the source of the Yellow River was explored for several months. Heyuan exploration team determined that Yuegu Zonglequ is the main source of the Yellow River, and Yahe Lada Heze Mountain is its source, with Ering Lake above and Zhaling Lake below. This result is not consistent with the previous investigation results, which has caused controversy in academic circles, but the statement that the Yellow River originated from Zonglie Canal in Yuegu is widely circulated. During the period of 1978, Qinghai Province invited relevant scientific research professionals from the central and local governments to make another field trip to the headwaters of the Yellow River and the two lakes of Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake, and confirmed that Kaliqu was the main source of the Yellow River, with Zhaling Lake above and Eling Lake below. From 198 1 to 1982, scholar Yang traveled all over the Yellow River on foot. He thinks that the farthest source of the Yellow River is the love song of Lalang, which started from bayan har Ridge, which is 30.5km longer than that of Bjorgu Zonglie Song and 1 1.9km longer than that of Kari Song. From 65438 to 0985, the Yellow River Conservancy Committee confirmed Maqu as the main source of the Yellow River according to historical traditions and opinions of various factions, and set up a sign of the source of the Yellow River in Maqu Fruit Tree in the southwest corner of the Yogu Zonglie Basin.

The three tributaries of Xinghai Shangyuan are Zhaqu, Yuegu Zonglie and Kariqu. Zhaqu, located in the northernmost part, originated in Cha Hasila Mountain. This river is 70 kilometers long and narrow, with few tributaries and limited water, and it is cut off for most of the year. Yoguliequ is located in the west of Xinghai, among the three upstream sources, and originated in the southwest corner of Yoguliezong Basin, with an altitude of 4,750 meters. The water volume is very small, and it is a stream with a width of 1.0- 1.5 meters and a depth of 0. 1-0.2 meters. Kaliqu, a tributary in the south, originated at the northern foot of Geziya Mountain, a branch of bayan har, with an altitude of 4,800 meters. Five springs gushed out of the valley and merged into a small river with a width of about 3 meters, a depth of 0.3-0.5 meters and a flow rate of about 3 meters per second. This river has water all the year round. Yueguzong Liequ and Kariqu merged at the source of the Yellow River to form the original river Maqu, which was then injected into Xinghai. According to the aerial survey of1:100000, the length of Kazqu is 25 kilometers longer than that of Beyogul Zongqu. Kariqu basin covers an area of 3 126 square kilometers, and Yuegu Zonglequ basin covers an area of 2,372 square kilometers. Near the intersection of Kariqu and Guzong Liequ, the measured flow of Kariqu is 6.3 m3/s, and that of Yogu Liequ is 2.5m3/s. Through the investigation of the source of 1978 Yellow River, it is determined that Kariqu is the main source of the Yellow River.

References:

The source of the yellow river

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boundary

There are different opinions about the boundary between the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. The Yellow River Conservancy Commission divides Hekou Town and Taohuayu into upper, middle and lower reaches. Traditional middle school textbooks divide Hekou Town and Jin Meng into upper, middle and lower reaches. Scholar Yang thinks Qingtongxia and Harmony are more suitable. Scholar Xu advocated Jiayingguan in Wuzhi County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province as the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. This paper adopts the division scheme of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission.

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Upstream

The upper reaches of the Yellow River are above Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia. The total length of the upper reaches is 3,472 kilometers, and the basin area is 386,000 square kilometers, accounting for 5 1.3% of the total Yellow River. The total upstream drop is 3496m, with an average gradient of10 ‰; There are 43 large tributaries (basin area 1000 square kilometers or more), and the runoff accounts for 54% of the whole river; The upper reaches of the Yellow River only account for 8% of the annual sediment discharge of the whole river, with more water and less sediment, which is the clear water source of the Yellow River. The upper reaches of the river are controlled by Qingshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain and Nanshan Mountain in Anima, Qinghai, with an S-shaped bend. According to the different characteristics of rivers, the upper reaches of the Yellow River can be divided into three parts: source section, canyon section and alluvial plain section.

The upper part of Qinghai Kariqu to Qinghai Guide Longyangxia is the Heyuan section. Heyuan section starts from Kariqu, passes through Xingsuhai, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake to Maduo, bypasses Qingshan and Xiqingshan in Anima, and reaches Guide in Qinghai via Longyangxia. Most of the rivers in this section flow through the plateau of three or four kilometers, and the rivers are tortuous, with lakes, swamps and grass beaches on both sides. The water quality is clear, the water flow is stable and the water yield is large. There are Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake in the reach, both above 4260 meters above sea level, with storage capacity of 4.7 billion cubic meters and 654.38+0.08 billion cubic meters respectively, which are the largest plateau freshwater lakes in China. The Yellow River runs from Maduo, Qinghai Province to Maqu, Gansu Province, and flows through the ancient basin and low hills between Bayankala and Animaqing Mountain. Most river sections have wide valleys, and occasionally there are canyons. The Yellow River runs from Maqu, Gansu Province to Longyangxia, Guide, Qinghai Province, and flows through high mountains and canyons, with fast-flowing water and abundant hydraulic resources. Baihe and Heihe rivers, tributaries originating in Minshan, Sichuan, join the Yellow River in this section.

The section from Longyangxia in Qinghai to Qingtongxia in Ningxia is a canyon section. This section of the river flows through mountainous hills. Due to different rock properties, river valleys and wide valleys appear alternately: river valleys are formed in hard gneiss, granite and Nanshan metamorphic rocks, while wide valleys are formed in loose sand shale and red rock series. There are 20 canyons in this section, including Longyang Gorge, Jishi Gorge, Liujiaxia Gorge, Bapan Gorge and Qingtongxia. There are cliffs on both sides of the canyon, with narrow riverbed, steep river slope and rapid water flow. From Guide to Lanzhou, this section is one of the concentrated reaches of the three major tributaries of the Yellow River, and the inflow of important tributaries such as Taohe River and Huangshui River has greatly increased the water volume of the Yellow River. The reach from Longyangxia to Xiaheyan River in Ningxia is a "mine-rich" area of the Yellow River and one of the important hydropower bases in China.

Qingtongxia in Ningxia to Hekou Town in Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia is an alluvial plain. After leaving Qingtongxia, the Yellow River flows northeast along the northwest boundary of Ordos Plateau, and then reaches Hekou Town eastward. Most of the areas along the river are deserts and desert grasslands, and there is basically no tributary injection. The river bed of the main stream is gentle and the water flow is slow. On both sides are large alluvial plains, namely the famous Yinchuan Plain and Hetao Plain. There are floods and ice disasters in the plain along the Yangtze River to varying degrees. Hetao Plain starts from Xiaheyan in Ningxia in the west and reaches Hekou Town in Inner Mongolia in the east, with a length of 900 kilometers and a width of 30-50 kilometers. It is a famous irrigation area for diverting water from the Yellow River with a long irrigation history. Since ancient times, there has been a saying that "the Yellow River is full of disasters and there is only one set of wealth".

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middle reaches

The reach of the Yellow River between Hekou Town, Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia and Taohuayu, Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 1.206 km and a drainage area of 344,000 square kilometers, accounting for 45.7% of the total drainage area. The total drop in the middle reaches is 890 meters, with an average gradient of 0.74 ‰; This river has 30 major tributaries; The increased water volume accounts for 42.5% of the Yellow River water volume, and the increased sediment volume accounts for 92% of the whole Yellow River sediment volume, which is the main source of the Yellow River sediment.

Hekou Town to Yumenkou is the longest continuous canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River-Shanxi Canyon. Most tributaries in the reach flow through the loess hilly and gully region, which is the main source of coarse sediment in the Yellow River, and the annual average sediment transport of the whole river is 900 million tons from this region. This reach is the second largest hydropower base of the Yellow River with large gradient and abundant hydraulic resources. There is a famous Hukou Waterfall in the lower part of the canyon, with a deep trough width of only 30-50 meters and a low water level drop of about 18 meters, which is magnificent.

From Yumenkou to Sanmenxia, the Yellow River flows through the Wei Fen Plain, the valley widens and the water flows slowly. On both sides of the reach are Weibei and Jinnan loess tablelands, which are important agricultural areas in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. This reach has accepted Fenhe River, Luohe River, Jinghe River, Weihe River, Luo Yi River, Qinhe River and other important tributaries, and is one of the main sources of sediment in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with an average annual output of 550 million tons. The reach is located in the channel from Yumenkou to Tongguan (that is, the small north main stream of the Yellow River) 132.5km, with drastic changes in erosion and deposition, and the channel is very unstable from side to side. Constrained by the mountains near Tongguan, the valley suddenly narrows, forming a natural bayonet with a width of only 1000 meters. The level of Tongguan river bed is closely related to the changes of erosion and deposition in the Xiaobei main stream of the Yellow River and the lower reaches of the Weihe River, so the hydrological term "Tongguan elevation" is used.

Sanmenxia to Taohuayu section is divided into two parts from Xiaolangdi: above Xiaolangdi, the river is between Zhongtiao Mountain and hill, which is the last canyon on the main stream of the Yellow River; The valley below Xiaolangdi gradually widens, which is the transition section of the Yellow River from mountainous area to plain.

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lower reaches

See Yellow River Estuary

The Yellow River below Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan Province is the lower reaches of the Yellow River, with a total length of 786 kilometers and a drainage area of only 23,000 square kilometers, accounting for 3% of the total drainage area. The total downstream drop is 93.6m, with an average gradient of 0.1.2 ‰; The increased water volume in the interval accounts for 3.5% of the water volume of the Yellow River. Due to the large amount of sediment in the Yellow River, the downstream reaches have been silted for a long time to form a world-famous "aboveground river", and the Yellow River has become a watershed between the Haihe River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin. Except for the Dawen River flowing from Dongping Lake, there are no big tributaries in this section.

Except for the low hills between Dongping Lake on the south bank and Jinan, the lower reaches depend on dikes, with a total length of 1.400 km. Historically, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often burst, which brought heavy disasters to the Chinese nation. Because the lower reaches of the Yellow River flow from southwest to northeast, the north of the Yellow River freezes first in winter, forming ice flood. Ice dams are easily blocked by the overflow of ice, which leads to the overflow of dikes and poses a serious threat.

Below the downstream Lijin is the Yellow River estuary. Due to sediment deposition, the mouth of the Yellow River keeps extending and swinging. At present, the Yellow River estuary is located at the intersection of Bohai Bay and Laizhou Bay, which is a new channel formed by the siltation of Qingshuigou after the artificial diversion of 1976. In recent 40 years, the average sediment transported by the Yellow River to the estuary area is about 654.38+100 million tons/year, with an average annual net land of 25 to 30 square kilometers.

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Major tributaries and lakes

The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Baihe, Heihe, Huangshui, Zuli, Qingshui, Dahei, Kuye, Wuding, Fenhe, Weihe, Luohe, Qinhe and Dawenhe.

The main lakes on the Yellow River are Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai Lake and Dongping Lake.

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Mainstream canyon

There are 30 canyons in the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches flow through the North China Plain without canyons. The canyon section of the main stream is 1707 km long, accounting for 3 1.2% of the total length of the main stream.

Mangga Gorge-Duoshi Gorge-Maiduotang Magong Gorge-Guan Cang Gorge-Laga Gorge-Yehu Gorge-Lagan Gorge-Longyang Gorge-Ashigong Gorge-Songba Gorge-Lijiaxia-Gongbo Gorge-Jishi Gorge-Sigou Gorge-Liujiaxia-Niubizi Gorge-Zhulama Gorge-Yanguo Gorge-Bapan Gorge-Chaijia Gorge

References:

Yellow River mainstream canyon