What is the background of Shandong immigrants?

The Qing court took the northeast as the "land of Longxing", fearing that a large number of Han people in Shanhaiguan would harm the interests of flag-bearers and destroy the Manchu customs and order. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the policy of banning was implemented, and then the measures became more and more severe, from partial ban to comprehensive ban, from customs clearance to expulsion of refugees. Although the ban is getting more and more severe, it can't completely prevent people from entering the northeast. Due to the increasingly heavy pressure of life and the continuous natural famine, more and more Shandong farmers have smuggled across the ocean to Liaodong, or crossed the Great Wall to western Liaoning privately and flocked to the sleeping northeast Woye. These immigrants were all carried out under the conditions of the forbidden policy of the Qing court, so they were called "eastward crossing". The number, scale and time (from the early Qing Dynasty to the founding of the People's Republic of China for nearly 300 years) of farmers who "broke through the Kanto" are considered as "one of the largest population movements in human history"! Crossing the Kanto is a feat of immigrants, and it is a history of blood and tears of 20 million suffering Shandong people for 300 years! Then why do Shandong people who live in the rich Shandong Peninsula on the eastern coast travel to the east? First, the central government requires the Han people to guard the border. With the emperor shunzhi's entry into the Central Plains, a large number of Manchu officials and Manchu people poured into the pass, which made the economy of the vast and sparsely populated Northeast more depressed. Therefore, in the early days of the Qing regime, most of the refugees were sent to the northeast to reclaim wasteland and develop agricultural production. Second, "natural disasters" occurred frequently in Shandong in the Qing Dynasty, and farmers were displaced and had a hard life. More and more farmers have to go to the north to escape the famine. Third, as an area invaded by foreign aggression forces earlier, military disasters and bandits are frequent. The Second Opium War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Black Flag Army and the Boxer Rebellion all spread to Shandong. With the increase of land rent, tax burden, tax and extra apportionment, more and more bankrupt farmers and refugees have to take refuge in Northeast China. Fourth, from the perspective of immigrants, the social productive forces in Northeast China are relatively backward, most of the land has not been reclaimed, and North China is vast and sparsely populated. In Shandong and other places, it has a long history of "going east". Some immigrants send money to their hometown, some bring property back to their hometown for the New Year, and some get rich and get married. These have stimulated more people to make a living outside the customs. Therefore, in North China, especially in Jiaodong, Shandong Province, when the labor force is slightly abundant, or when there are natural and man-made disasters, the first thing that comes to mind is to bring family members or gather friends and relatives to flock to Kanto to make a living. "In essence, Shandong people's crusade to the east is a spontaneous and unstoppable tragic movement for the survival of poor farmers on the verge of death." Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga 1899 recorded the real historical picture of that year in Travel Notes of Manchuria. "From Mukden to Xingjing, I saw my husband on the road with a unicycle and a woman sitting on it. A child cried and fell asleep, her husband pushed from behind, her brother pulled from the front, the old man leaned on a stick, and the girls depended on each other. On the way, my husband scolded his young woman and mother. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, all the people who slept along the way were Shandong immigrants ... "This passage vividly describes the arduous journey to Kanto. At that time, many Shandong people went to the northeast to open up wasteland, "carrying a laundry list, putting children at one end and pots at the other", which is generally the case. After entering the northeast, Shandong people are mainly engaged in agriculture and other industries. At the beginning, they "worked as servants first, then as tenant farmers" and "rented the land of flag bearers and engaged in farming". There are also people who reclaim land privately. The arrival of Shandong immigrants promoted the development of agriculture in Northeast China. As a result, "the land is suitable for crops, the harvest is twice as much as that of other provinces, and the food price in Yifu is lower than that in the mainland", and "every harvest year" has the worry of "ripe shortage". Since then, Shandong people have made great achievements in commerce, handicrafts and transportation in Northeast China. Among the businessmen who broke through the ban and went to the northeast, there was a well-known "Shandong Gang". "Manchu Geography" records: "Shandong people are hardworking, hardworking and full of unity. Workers help each other and businessmen give priority to each other. Just like a big company, its stores are like branches, supplying each other and circulating funds. In terms of money, I am particularly easy to get along with. Therefore, although there are those who struggle with it, the Shandong people's victory mechanism is not equipped enough. " As for those who worked hard in modern industry and transportation, of course, they were hardworking Shandong people. Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, the land of labor supply, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is no exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. " The invasion of Guandong by Shandong people coincided with the national disaster, and the northeast was repeatedly invaded by foreign enemies. The Shandong people living in this land waged a hard struggle against aggression. "Records of Angel Commune in Hunjiang City, Jilin Province" records: "During the period of 192 1, there was a farmer named Wang Zhenbang, originally from Shandong, who fled the countryside and lived in Xichuan with his wife and eldest daughter. 193 1 year, when the Japanese invaded the northeast, Wang Zhenbang and fellow villagers in Shandong gathered 100 people fought against Japan. At the end of 1934, it fought with the Japanese army three or four times, of which the second time was the best, and the Japanese army suffered heavy casualties. The insurgents were frightened by the Japanese army. " From the above summary, we can see that the invasion of Kanto by Shandong people accelerated the development of Northeast China, promoted the great development of agriculture, handicrafts and mechanized production in the vast northeast region, and their heroic deeds of anti-Japanese war also added a heavy sum in the history of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. We also know that backward culture will be melted by advanced culture. Shandong people, the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, not only brought brute force to Northeast China, but also brought China's orthodox thoughts and advanced wisdom for thousands of years. In this respect, the flow of people is the flow of culture. The large-scale advance of Central Plains culture to kanto region is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture. No matter in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethics and economic behavior, there are similarities between North China and Northeast China. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the three northeastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. In terms of cultural communication, I want to cite something that I can really feel, that is, food culture. As we all know, Shandong cuisine is the first of the four major cuisines in China and the foundation of northern cuisines. It is said that 90% of the dishes in Manchu-Han banquet in Qing Dynasty were Shandong cuisine. When I first came to Zhengzhou, my roommate asked me, "What are the characteristics of Shandong cuisine?" I can only vaguely say "nothing special". When I think about it today, this lack of characteristics is probably the biggest feature. Compatibility is the highest level of a cuisine in my mind. Let's think about the familiar Northeast delicacies, such as "Northeast Sanxian" and "Stewed Pork Noodles" ...... which are all found in Shandong and appeared earlier than in Northeast China. In other words, we can boldly guess that maybe this kind of eating custom was brought by Shandong people who ventured from the east, and they brought more than just stewed pork vermicelli. They brought an alternative way of eating, an alternative way of life, a way of life different from the traditional hunting or slash-and-burn in Northeast China. They may not realize that they have inadvertently played the role of cultural exchange. Xuanzang in the Tang Dynasty brought Buddhist scriptures and South Asian civilization to the Central Plains, but our ancestors who traveled to the East also allowed the culture of the Central Plains to take root, sprout and grow in the Northeast. From this perspective, the famous Xuanzang is the same as the Shandong people who are constantly forgotten. It is they who break the limitations between regions and promote the spread, exchange, integration and complementarity of social economy and culture; It is they who have improved the quality of the native population in Northeast China. It is they who promote the social, economic and cultural harmony between Northeast China and Shanhaiguan, and promote the exchange of materials, the complementary resources and the integration of cultural customs.