Biology "what's in the middle school entrance examination" comprehensive simulation test item 3.

1. The life activity of all living things is ()

A. gene recombination B. assimilation C. reflex activity D. aerobic respiration

2. The high consistency in the basic composition of the biological world is as follows: ① the chemical elements that make up the organism are basically the same; ② The bases that make up the nucleic acid are all the same; (3) The protein of all living things is the same; ④ The amino acids that make up protein are the same. The correct one is ()

A.①②④ B.①③④ C.②③④ D.①②③

3. The following description about the virus is incorrect ()

A. the virus has no cell structure. B. the virus has no strict structure.

C. the virus cannot survive in ordinary culture medium. Viruses do not have two types of nucleic acids.

4. The following statement about cell structure and function is true ()

Salivary gland cells have more ribosomes than sweat gland cells.

B. Compared with cardiomyocytes, salivary gland cells have more mitochondria.

C. Compared with aging cells, the endoplasmic reticulum of cells with vigorous life activities is underdeveloped.

The number of Golgi apparatus in mesophyll cells is generally more than that in salivary gland cells.

5. It is known that Mn2+ is the activator of many enzymes, such as nitrate reductase, and plants lacking Mn2+ cannot use nitrate, which indicates that inorganic salt ion ().

A. it plays an important role in maintaining acid-base balance. It plays an important role in maintaining cell morphology.

C plays an important role in regulating cell osmotic pressure. D plays an important role in maintaining the life activities of organisms.

6. The R group of glutamic acid is -—C3H5O2, and the number of atoms containing carbon and oxygen in a glutamic acid molecule is () respectively.

A.4，4 B.5，4 C.4，5 D.5，5

7. If a protein molecule with four polypeptide chains consists of n amino acids, the number of peptide bonds and the minimum number of amino acids are () respectively.

N and 4b.n-4 and 4c.n and n-4d.n-4 and n-4.

8. According to biological research, it is generally believed that protein can't act as () in life activities.

A. Nutritional substances B. Energy substances C. Regulatory substances D. Genetic substances

9. In addition to food and drink, water in the human body can also be obtained through the oxidation of substances in the body. The following four groups of organelles can produce water ()

A. mitochondria and ribosomes B. endosomes and ribosomes C. mitochondria and centrosomes D. mitochondria and chloroplasts

10. During the following cell division, the chromosome can be observed by microscope ().

A. Frog erythrocytes B. Lactic acid bacteria C. Cyanobacteria D. Amoeba protozoa

1 1. Two amino acids are condensed into dipeptide to form water, and the hydrogen in this water molecule comes from ().

A. carboxyl B. hydrogen linked to carbon atoms C. amino D. hydrogen in amino groups and carboxyl groups

12. In the process of cell mitosis, the replication and separation of DNA molecules occur at ().

A. interval and end point B. interval and end point C. interval and end point D. early and end point

13. Inject the labeled amino acids into the pancreas of guinea pigs, and the first one in the following structures should be ().

A. Golgi B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum C. Mitochondria D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

14. The doctor injected 50% glucose solution intravenously to the patients with hypoglycemia shock, and the main purpose was ().

A. supply comprehensive nutrition B. supply energy C. maintain cell osmotic pressure D. supply water

15. The fact that amoeba can devour the whole bacteria ()

A. Cell membrane has selective permeability B. Cell membrane has certain fluidity.

C. the cell membrane has sufficient permeability. D. the cell membrane has protective effect.

16. The structure through which protein molecules can pass directly is ().

A. Mitochondrial membrane and chloroplast membrane B. Cell membrane and vacuole membrane C. Selective osmotic membrane D. Cell wall and nuclear pore

17. Pigments of flowers, leaves and fruits of plants are mostly distributed in () except green.

D. golgi apparatus on a. C. cell wall

18. Biological research has developed to the micro level ().

A. Ecological research B. Molecular level C. Cell level D. Submicrostructure

19. Nitrogen and phosphorus absorbed by plants from soil and transported to mesophyll cells are mainly used for synthesis ().

① Starch, glucose, fat, phospholipid, protein, nucleic acid.

A.①④⑥ B.③④⑤ C.④⑤⑥ D.②④⑤

20. In cell division, the period when there are both homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids is ().

A. prophase of mitosis. At the end of the first meiosis

C. Late mitosis, metaphase of the second meiosis

2 1. The chromosome in an animal egg cell is m, and in the later stage of mitosis of a fertilized egg, the chromosome number is ().

B.2m C.3m D.4m a.m.

22. Figure 3- 1- 1 is a set of images about cell division of the same animal. The following statement is correct ().

A. There are only ② and ③ B cells with homologous chromosomes, and it is impossible for these cells to appear in animal testis at the same time.

There is no possibility of gene recombination in the cells shown in C.③ D. There are 8 chromatids in the above cells, which is 12 ③.

23. If chemical agents are used to inhibit DNA replication of tumor cells, these cells will stay in ().

A. Split period B. Early stage C. Middle stage D. Late stage

24. Small pieces of bruised skin can grow well again, mainly because cells can carry out ().

A. amitosis B. meiosis C. mitosis D. meiosis and mitosis

25. According to physiological characteristics, the most reliable way to distinguish whether a cell undergoing mitosis is a plant cell or an animal cell is to check its ().

A.A.DNA Self-replication of DNA B. Self-protein synthesis

C. The way the cytoplasm is divided into two parts D. Is there a star ray?

26. During the spermatogenesis of mm genotype animals, the genes Mm, Mm and MM were separated respectively: ① During the formation of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia; ② In the process of primary spermatocytes forming secondary spermatocytes; ③ In the process of secondary spermatocytes forming spermatocytes; ④ In the process of sperm cell forming sperm ()

A.①②③b .②②②②c .③②③d .②③④

27.IDNA → 2 DNA, and the separation of these two kinds of DNA carrying exactly the same information occurred in ().

A. interphase B. late first meiosis and late mitosis

C. the late stage of the first meiosis. Late stage of second meiosis and late stage of mitosis.

28. The center of controlling cell metabolism is ().

A. cell membrane B. cytoplasmic matrix C. nucleus D. organelles

29. In the process of mitosis, the period of chromatid formation and disappearance is ().

A. prophase and anaphase B. interphase and anaphase C. interphase and anaphase D. prophase and anaphase

30. If a cell in the human body is undergoing meiosis, this cell contains 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes, then it can't be ().

① Primary spermatocytes ② Secondary spermatocytes ③ Primary oocytes ④ Secondary oocytes ⑤ Egg cells.

A.①②③④ B.①②④⑤ C.①③④⑤ D.①⑤

Second, fill in the blanks and answer briefly.

1. According to the chemical composition and structural characteristics of cell membrane, analyze the following materials and answer related questions:

(1) 1895 When overton studied the permeability of various unfertilized eggs, he found that fat-soluble substances could hardly penetrate the cell membrane. This shows that the main component of cell membrane is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) In 1925, Goliel Glendale extracted lipids from erythrocyte membrane with acetone and spread them on the interface between air and water. At this time, the area of this monolayer molecule is twice the surface area of the original red blood cell. It can be considered that the cell membrane is composed of _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

2. Extract the endoplasmic reticulum attached with ribosomes from the cells of a gland and put it into the culture solution containing amino acids with radioactive labeling elements, which contains the substances and conditions needed for ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum to complete their functions. Samples were taken continuously soon to separate ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, and the appearance of labeled amino acids in ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum was determined. The result is shown in Figure 3- 1-2.

Please answer:

(1) Radioactive amino acids first accumulate in large quantities on ribosomes, and the most likely explanation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) After accumulating on ribosomes, radioactive amino acids also appear in endoplasmic reticulum, and the number is increasing. The most likely explanation is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) In the experiment, the culture medium is equivalent to _ _ _ _ _ in the cell.

3. The following describes three physiological processes in the organism. Please answer:

(1) In process ①, the substance represented by Y is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and the substance represented by X is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) In the process (2), the substance represented by Y is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and the substance represented by X is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. In this process, y stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) In process ③, the substance represented by Y is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and the substance represented by X is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. In this process, y stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(4) The substance Y in the processes of ①, ② and ③ is synthesized in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the cell.

4. Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which originally occurred in herbivores such as sheep, horses and pigs. Humans are generally susceptible to anthrax, which can be divided into three types: skin type, intestinal type and lung type. Cutaneous anthrax is infected by skin injury, intestinal anthrax is infected by gastric and intestinal mucosal injury, and pulmonary anthrax is infected by inhalation of anthrax spores.

Because Bacillus anthracis is easy to deploy and has strong lethality, some countries use Bacillus anthracis to manufacture chemical and biological weapons. According to the data of the U.S. Bureau of Technology, if 100 kg of Bacillus anthracis culture solution is dropped over Washington by plane, 1 10,000 people will die. Therefore, anthrax has caused a high degree of psychological panic in the United States since the first case of inhaled anthrax in the United States in the past 25 years was discovered in Florida on June 3 10. Please answer the following questions:

(1) The pathogen of anthrax is ()

A. virus b, bacteria c, fungi d, actinomycetes

(2) The assimilation type of Bacillus anthracis is ()

A. autotrophic B. heterotrophic C. aerobic D. anaerobic

(3) The route of transmission of anthrax may be ()

① Transmission through food ② Transmission through air ③ Transmission through contact ④ Transmission through blood.

A.①②③ B.②③④ C.③④① D.①②③④

(4) A scientist observed under a microscope that there were 50 anthrax bacilli per unit area on the glass slide. After the slide was cultured in liquid culture solution for 4 hours, it was diluted by 65,438+00 times, and then observed under the microscope under the same conditions, and it was found that there were 80 Bacillus anthracis per unit area on average. Then ① the proliferation mode of Bacillus anthracis is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; ② The average time for each division of Bacillus anthracis is _ _ _ _ _.

(5) What is the structural difference between Bacillus anthracis and human cells: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

5. Figure 3- 1-3a shows the general process of synthesis and secretion of zymogen particles by pancreatic cells. Please answer the related questions according to the picture:

(1) In pancreatic cells, the site of enzyme synthesis is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; The place where enzymes are processed and packaged is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) The organelle that transports the enzyme to the processing site is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) In addition to secretory vesicles, there are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kinds of non-cellular organs involved in the secretion of zymogen particles.

(4) The synthesis, transportation, processing and secretion of enzyme particles all need ATP to provide energy, and the organelle closely related to ATP synthesis is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

6. Insulin is a protein molecule. The following materials are available:

① Insulin contains two polypeptide chains, the α chain contains 265,438+0 amino acids and the β chain contains 30 amino acids. The two polypeptide chains are connected by two disulfide bonds (disulfide bonds are connected by two -SH), and 65,438+0 disulfide bonds are also formed on the α chain. Figures 3-65 and 438+0-4b show the plane structure of crystalline bovine insulin.

② The amino acid composition of insulin in different animals is different. Now, the amino acid composition of human and other mammals' insulin is compared as follows:

Pig: The 30th amino acid of β chain is different from that of human;

Ma: The 30th amino acid in β chain and the 9th amino acid in α chain are different from human.

Bovine: The amino acids at positions 8, 9 and 10 in α chain are different from those in humans;

Bamboo rat: the α chain has 8 amino acids, and the β chain has 10 amino acids, which is different from humans.

Answer according to the above materials:

(1) Insulin contains _ _ _ _ _ _ _ peptide bonds.

(2) After these 5 1 amino acids form insulin, the molecular weight decreases by _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) Low insulin content in human body will lead to corresponding diseases. Treatment is not oral insulin, but injection, because _ _ _ _ _.

(4) Both mammalian insulin and human insulin shown above are composed of 5 1 amino acid, and most of them are the same in amino acid composition. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The difference in insulin composition between humans and these mammals reflects _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(5) If you want to provide a substitute for diabetics, which animal insulin is the most suitable? ____________。

7. Figure 3- 1-4 shows the relative changes of chromosomes and DNA in an organism. Answer the following questions according to this chart. (Note: Each area on the abscissa represents each period of cell division, and the size of the area is not proportional to the time required for each period. )

(1) The curve representing the change of the relative amount of DNA in the graph is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) The time period from 0 to 8 in the figure represents the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ division process of cells.

(3) The intervals containing homologous chromosomes in cells are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(4) If the number of chromosomes in a cell of an organism is 20, Then the number of DNA molecules in a cell is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(5) Centromere division occurs in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(6) Gene mutation often occurs in the period represented by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(7) In animals, 1 ~ 4 cells are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; The cells in stage 5-7 are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cells; The cells in the eighth stage are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; Enter the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ stage after 8.

8. According to Figure 3- 1-5, answer the following questions:

(1) If A and B are two cells of the same organism, A cell is in the late stage of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) If the chromosome state in the splinter cell of an organism is as shown in Figure A, then this organism is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(3) If the cell of an organism is undergoing mitosis, its chromosome state is as shown in Figure B, Then this creature is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(4) Chromosomes ① and ⑤ were originally _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; Chromosomes ① and ④ are called _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

If there is a gene A on chromosome ① and the relative gene A on chromosome ⑤ is A, the possible reason is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Intradisciplinary synthetic biology

First, multiple choice questions

1

2

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

10

1 1

12

13

14

15

B

A

B

A

D

B

B

D

A

D

D

A

B

B

B

16

17

18

19

20

2 1

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

D

B

B

C

A

D

C

A

C

C

C

D

C

C

D

Second, fill in the blanks and answer briefly.

1.( 1) lipid (phospholipid) (2) bilayer phospholipid molecule

2.( 1) Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis. (2) protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum. (3) Cytoplasmic matrix.

3.( 1) vector; Substances that can enter cells through active transport or auxiliary diffusion; Selectivity;

(2) antibodies; Antigen; Specificity; (3) enzyme; Substances involved in the reaction; Specificity; (4) Ribosomes

4.( 1)B； (2)B； (3) a; (4) Fission and reproduction; 1 hour; (5) having a cell wall; An unformed nucleus; There are no complicated organelles.

5.( 1) ribosome; Golgi apparatus (2) endoplasmic reticulum (3) cell membrane (4) mitochondria

6.( 1)49; (2)888; (3) The chemical essence of insulin is protein, which will be digested orally and lose its efficacy;

(4) Mammals and humans have the same primitive ancestors, and humans have different genetic relationships with them; (5) pigs

7.( 1)A； (2) meiosis; (3)0~4,8~ 13; (4)40; 6 and11; (6) 0 ~ 1 and 8 ~ 9,3 ~ 4; (7) Primary mother cells; Secondary mother cell; Fertilized egg; divide

8.( 1) Silk; Second reduction; Two (two) four; 8; 0(3) single; 2(4) sister chromatids; Homologous chromosome; gene mutation