Review materials of history, biology, politics and geography in the second volume of the first day of junior high school

1 and 58 1 years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.

In 2.589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south.

Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.

4. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, was more than 2,000 kilometers long and was the longest canal in the ancient world.

5. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hanjiang River, Jiangnan River, Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

In 6.6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.

In 7.6 18, Li Yuan fought against Sui Dynasty in Taiyuan and entered Chang 'an to establish the Tang Dynasty.

8. The only female emperor in the history of China was Wu Zetian, who proclaimed herself emperor in her later years and changed her name to Zhou.

9. Emperor Taizong attached importance to developing production and reducing farmers' tax and labor; Pay attention to the role of talents and be open-minded to teach. He appointed Du Ruhui, who was resourceful and good at breaking great events, as Prime Minister and called him "Fang Mou Du Duan". Reuse outspoken Wei Zhi as a famous remonstrator.

10, during the reign of Emperor Taizong, politics was relatively clear, economy developed rapidly, and national strength gradually increased. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".

1 1. The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and the author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations.

12, Wu Zetian was promoted, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed Yao Chong as prime minister.

13, the ceramic industry had an important development in the Tang Dynasty, and Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor were the most famous. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of world craft.

14 During the Tang Dynasty, the metropolises in China included Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.

15, Chang 'an is divided into Fangcheng, a residential area, and the city is a bustling business district.

16, Chang 'an was not only a national exchange center at that time, but also an international metropolis.

17 years, the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" in history.

18, the selection of subjects began in the Sui Wendi era. When Yang Dishi was in Sui Dynasty, Jinshi was formally established, and talents were selected according to examination results.

19. There were many permanent examination subjects in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important.

20. The figures who improved the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian.

2 1. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1300 years in China feudal society until the late Qing Dynasty.

22. During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian, the government successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions to govern the western regions in Xinjiang today.

In the 23rd century and the early 7th century, the outstanding Tubo Songzanganbu unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and made its capital more logical.

24. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.

In the 25th and 8th centuries, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".

In the 26th and 8th centuries, the leader of Uighur was Huairen Khan, and the leader of Mohe was Bohai King. Xuanzong made Nanzhao king of Yunnan. Inferior/secondary

27. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign exchanges were active, and there were contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.

28. During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. He devoted himself to the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote "The Western Regions of Datang".

29. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, Jian Zhen went eastward to Japan at the invitation of Japanese monks until his sixth success. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was considered as the largest city in the world.

30. Many Silla businessmen came to China to do business, and the Tang Dynasty imported Silla specialties for the first time.

3 1. Zhao Zhouqiao, designed and built by Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.

32. The Diamond Sutra, printed in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest surviving block-printed product with an exact date in the world.

33. Sun Simiao, an outstanding physician in the Tang Dynasty, devoted his whole life to writing Thousand Golden Formulas, and was called "the King of Medicine" by the late Buddha.

34. Grottoes developed greatly during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the most famous of which is the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in western Gansu today.

35. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital.

36.165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, was called the Emperor of Daxia, with its capital in Xingqing and Xixia as its history.

37.960 years later, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi, and made Tokyo its capital in the Song Dynasty, which was known as the Northern Song Dynasty.

38, 1 127 Zhao Gou ascended the throne, with its capital in Lin 'an, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty.

39. Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin star in the Southern Song Dynasty, defeated Jin Jun in Yancheng and recovered many lost lands.

40. The shipbuilding industry in Song Dynasty ranked first in the world. The shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou in the southeast coast is developed.

4 1. Zhancheng Rice is an excellent variety introduced from Vietnam in the Tang Dynasty, which was rapidly popularized in the south of the Yangtze River. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in the Song Dynasty, mainly produced in the south. Cotton planting has expanded from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin. Tea trees are planted in hilly areas south of the Yangtze River.

42. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the silk products of Shu were named Koutianxia. Silk production in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, and many silks used by the imperial court come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

43. By the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan had become the focus of China porcelain industry. The ice-cracked porcelain fired in Zhejiang Geyao gives people a unique aesthetic feeling. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later developed into a famous porcelain capital.

44. The largest commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty is Lin 'an, which is far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.

45. In Song Dynasty, overseas trade became an important country engaged in overseas Chinese trade in the world at that time, and Guangzhou and Quanzhou were world-famous large commercial ports.

46. The Yuan government encouraged overseas trade and established and managed shipping companies in major ports.

47. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The emergence of paper money is conducive to commercial development.

48. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, ordinary people could only wear black and white clothes. Due to the advocacy of scholar-officials, women's bad habit of foot binding.

49. Sheep is the most common meat in the Northern Song Dynasty; Eat more fish in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, pasta was the main food in the north and rice was the main food in the south.

Today's traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, were all held in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, and it was the most important.

5 1 and 1206, Mongolian nobles held a meeting to recommend Temujin as Khan and respect him as Genghis Khan, thus establishing Mongolia.

52. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan named the country yuan, 1272, and made its capital mostly. 1276 Yuan army occupied Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished.

53. Most areas of the Yuan Dynasty were both political centers and world-famous commercial metropolises. Italian traveler Kyle Poirot's book Kyle Poirot. Travel notes of Poirot. Described the bustling scene of the metropolis.

54. In the Yuan Dynasty, in order to exercise effective rule over the whole country, Yuan Shizu established provincial secretariat in the central government and provincial secretariat in local governments. The government of Yuan Dynasty strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet, and Tibet became the official administrative region of Yuan Dynasty. It also strengthened the jurisdiction over Ryukyu.

55. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which greatly promoted the spread of culture. Movable type printing appeared in Europe in the15th century, about 400 years later than China.

Compass is a great invention of our people. As early as the Warring States period, people made the earliest guider in the world. During the Northern Song Dynasty, compasses were made and began to be used in navigation. During the Southern Song Dynasty, overseas trade was developed and compasses were widely used in navigation.

57. Gunpowder was invented by an alchemist in ancient China. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in the military and the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Gunpowder weapons are widely used in war, mainly including muskets, rockets and artillery.

58. The scientific achievements of Shen Kuo, a scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty in China, include Meng Qian's Bi Tan and Twelve Calendars. The scientific achievements of Guo Shoujing, a famous astronomer and water conservancy expert in Yuan Dynasty in China, are as follows: A year is 365.2425 days as measured in the in-service calendar, which is basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but it is about 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar.

59. Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty was a famous historian in ancient China. Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips is a great chronicle of general history, which records the history of the five dynasties since the Warring States Period.

60. The landscape painters Guo and Li in the Northern Song Dynasty were called "the first paintings in the Song Dynasty", while Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival and the most famous painter's Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburb in Yuan Dynasty were called "masterpieces".

6 1, people named "Song Sijia" refer to Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi (Fu) and Cai Xiang.

Chapter VI Asia

1. Geographical location in Asia: located in the eastern and northern hemispheres, bounded by Bering Strait and South America in the northeast, Urals Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea and Turkish Strait with Europe, Suez Canal and Africa in the northwest, and Oceania across the sea in the south.

2. Asia is the largest continent in the world, with the largest area, the widest latitude and the farthest distance from east to west.

People divide Asia into East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia. China is located in East Asia, and the countries in East Asia are: China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia.

4. Layered color-coded topographic map: (the middle (dark brown-pink) is high in altitude, and the surrounding color gradually changes from light yellow to light green-the altitude gradually decreases)-Asian topographic features: the middle is high and the surrounding is low.

5. Find the following place names in the map and tell the expressions of these geographical things: Himalayas, Mount Everest (Little Black Triangle), Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Dark Brown Region), West Siberian Plain (Green Region), Caspian Sea, Lake Bacher, Dead Sea (Closed Light Blue), Arabian Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, North China Plain, Indus Plain, Deccan Plateau and Pamir Plateau.

6. Distribution characteristics of rivers: It originates in the middle and flows radially around. The main rivers are: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Mekong River, Ganges River, Indus River, ob river River and Yenisei River.

7. Climatic characteristics of Asia: The climate types are complex and diverse, and the monsoon climate and continental climate are widely distributed. Methods The climatic characteristics of other continents were analyzed: the distribution law of climatic types and which climatic type is the most widely distributed. The characteristics of monsoon climate: high temperature in summer, low temperature in winter, and great seasonal variation of precipitation, concentrated in summer and autumn, with both rain and heat.

8. Ranked by population: Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, North America, Oceania; Ranked by natural population growth rate: Africa, South America, Asia, Oceania, North America and Europe.

10, a country's industrial structure is an important indicator to measure a country's economic development. The higher the per capita GNP, the more developed the economy, the larger the tertiary industry, the lower the per capita GNP, the more backward the economy, and the greater the proportion of the primary industry.

Asian economic differences: the eastern coast is developed, the western inland economy is backward, the economic development of different land and sea locations is different, and the economic development is different under different social and historical conditions.

Chapter 7: Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

1. Geographical location: land and sea location (Northwest Pacific), continental location (East Asia), latitude location (wide latitude and longitude span) 23° N-46° N,122 E-148 E, Japan's north and south land is long and narrow, intersecting with longitude.

2. Topographic features: A typical island country, consisting of four islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu) and more than 3,900 small islands; The land area is 377,000 square kilometers; The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent ports (such as Kobe and Yokohama). The terrain is dominated by mountains, the plain area is narrow, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes (Japan is located at the junction of the Pacific plate and the Eurasian plate, with frequent and unstable crustal activity).

3. Developed processing trade economy: Japan is a world economic power, a processing trade economy, and highly dependent on foreign countries. It must import raw materials from abroad and export finished products.

4. Major industrial zones in Japan: Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone; Distribution characteristics: Japanese industry is highly concentrated, mainly distributed in the inland sea coast of Seto and the Pacific coast.

5. Cultures compatible with the East and the West: Traditional colors and modern atmosphere coexist, and cultural exchanges between China and Japan have a long history.

6. Japan's investment measures: expand overseas investment and establish overseas production and sales bases, mainly for the United States, Western Europe and Southeast Asia; The advantages of overseas investment in building factories for Japan: using cheap labor in developing countries; Reduce the input cost of industrial production; Participate in international economic and technological cooperation and international market competition; Protect the country's natural resources, slow down resource consumption, protect the country's environment and reduce the input of transportation costs. The impact of Japanese overseas investment on other countries: Japan's relocation of heavily polluting enterprises overseas will pollute the environment of other countries and lead to a decline in environmental quality; Japan has a strong sense of protecting its own resources from its own interests, but importing a large amount of wood or overfishing in the ocean will lead to serious damage to the resources of other regions or countries in the world, which will lead to the imbalance of the global ecological environment.

7. Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago; Country (*** 1 1): Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia (the country of thousand islands, the largest archipelagic country in the world), Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, East Timor. Geographical location: Latitude (10 s-25 n) is mainly located in the tropics; Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Most countries are coastal countries and island countries, which are greatly influenced by the ocean. Transportation location: Located at the "crossroads" of two continents (Asia and Oceania) and two oceans (Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean). Malacca Strait: Located between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island in Indonesia, it is the only place to sail eastward from Europe to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage bordering the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Influence of climate characteristics on agriculture in climate type distribution area

Tropical rain forest climate crops with high temperature and rain all year round can be sown at any time and harvested in all seasons in the southern part of Malay Peninsula and most parts of Malay Archipelago.

Tropical monsoon climate in Indo-China Peninsula, Malay Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands has high temperature all year round, sowing in rainy season in dry season and harvesting in dry season.

2. Why is rice the main food crop in Southeast Asia? Rice is a major food crop, but its production requires a lot of labor, high temperature and rainy conditions. Southeast Asia is densely populated, less cultivated, hot and rainy, and taking rice as the main food crop is an inevitable condition. Distribution of tropical cash crops in Southeast Asia: Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar are important rice exporters in the world; Thailand is the largest rubber producer in the world; The Philippines is the world's largest producer of banana cannabis and exporter of coconut. Malaysia is the largest palm oil producer in the world; Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world.

3. Most rivers in Southeast Asia originate from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, such as Mekong River (Lancang River) and salween River (Nujiang River). The characteristics of rivers are: north and south, mountains and rivers alternate with each other, rivers run through mountains, the mountains on both sides are towering, the water is swift and the hydropower resources are rich. The lower continental valley widens, the water flow is slow, and sediments are deposited. Alluvial plains are formed on both sides of the river bank, and rivers are formed at the estuary, with low terrain and fertile soil.

4. Why are cities located in the delta along the Yangtze River and the estuary? Because these places have fertile land, flat terrain, easy irrigation and convenient transportation, they are important agricultural areas in Southeast Asia with dense population and developed agriculture, which also provide favorable conditions for the development of cities, such as Chongqing, Wujiang and Shanghai in China.

5. Geographical location: Located in the southwest of China, India is one of the four ancient civilizations. India's neighbors are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka across the sea. India's terrain can be divided into three major terrain areas: the mountains in the south of West Malaya in the north, the Ganges Plain in the middle and the Deccan Plateau in the south.

6. The total population of India has exceeded 1 billion, making it the second most populous country in the world. In the past 50 years, the population of India has almost tripled. The main feature of India's population problem is the rapid population growth. Since the 1970s, the Indian government has adopted population control policies and incentive plans, but the traditional concepts in the vast rural areas of India are still very strong. For a long time, the annual net increase of India's population will be larger and larger. Due to India's overpopulation, India's per capita natural resources, per capita grain output and steel output are far from the world average. This shows that the rapid population growth will have a serious negative impact on a country's resources, environment and economic development.

7. Most parts of India are located in the tropics and subtropics, characterized by tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, rainy season and dry season. In the rainy season (June-September), the wind blows from the ocean to the land (southwest wind), and in the dry season (10- May of the following year), the wind blows from the mainland to the ocean (northeast wind). Monsoon causes frequent floods and droughts in India. For example, the monsoon comes early and leaves late, and floods are formed when the wind is strong; The monsoon comes late and leaves early, and the weak wind forms drought.

8. The breakthrough of India's rapid grain growth lies in the implementation of the "green revolution". Rice and wheat are the main food crops in India, and their yields are among the highest in the world. Rice is mainly distributed in the Ganges plain and coastal plain with sufficient precipitation and flat terrain; Wheat is mainly distributed in the upper reaches of Ganges River and the northwest of Deccan Plateau with less precipitation and plenty of sunshine. This also shows that agricultural production is closely related to natural conditions.

9. Indian industry. During the British rule, textile and mining industries were mainly developed. This is because Britain strictly controls Indian industry for its own economic development. At that time, the level of science and technology in India was quite backward. After independence, India actively introduced foreign capital and advanced technology, attached importance to training scientific and technological talents, and made great efforts to develop its own industries, mainly steel industry, machinery industry, chemical industry and cotton and linen textile industry, and also made certain achievements in high-tech fields such as atomic energy, aerospace and computer software.

10. General situation of Russia: ① Terrain: relatively flat, mainly plain, with plain to the west of Ural Mountain, followed by western Siberia plain, central Siberia plain and eastern Siberia. It is the largest country in the world, with a length of 10000 square kilometers from east to west and a width of about 4000 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of over17 million square kilometers. ② Climate: Temperate continental climate is dominant. There are great differences among regions, with polar climate in the north being cold all year round, Mediterranean climate and temperate grassland climate in the south and temperate monsoon climate in the east. The climate in Russia: winter is long and cold, and summer is short and warm; ③ Rivers and lakes: The Volga River is the longest river in Europe, rich in hydraulic resources and the most important inland waterway. Ob river, Yenisei and Lega rivers are rich in energy and have a long freezing period. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world; ④ Rich in natural resources. There are many kinds, large reserves, uneven regional distribution, more in the east and less in the west. The main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, non-ferrous metals and so on. The main producing areas are Kursk Iron Mine, Kuzbas Coal Mine and Tyumen Oilfield.

1 1, four major industrial zones: the industrial sub-zone centered on Moscow is distributed in the European part of Russia, and it is the most developed region in Russia, mainly including steel, automobiles, airplanes, rockets and electronics; The industrial zone centered on St. Petersburg is located on the Baltic coast of European part of Russia. Petrochemical, shipbuilding, electronics, papermaking and aerospace industries are very developed here. It is also the most developed area of Russian food and textile industry; Ural Industrial Zone, located in the Ural Mountains, is located on the dividing line between Asia and Europe. The main products here are petroleum, steel and machinery. Siberian industrial zone centered on Kuzbas: mainly produces heavy industrial products such as coal, oil, natural gas, electric power, steel and military products.

12. Why should Abel Railway be built along the southern mountainous area? The first reason is that the southern mountainous areas are rich in mineral resources. Secondly, because of the high latitude, cold all the year round and low temperature in northern Russia, the frozen soil layer is deep. It is difficult to build a railway on frozen soil, and the safety factor is low. Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation that combines lines and means of transportation, mainly transporting oil and natural gas. Two main modes of transportation: road and railway; There are two main modes of goods transportation: pipeline and railway.