Where does the famine sperm come from? Thank you, everyone.

Before the Qing Dynasty, the population of Northeast China was dominated by Manchu, Mongolian and other ethnic minorities, among which Manchu was the majority and Han nationality was almost absent. The invasion of Guandong by Shandong people in the Qing Dynasty can be roughly divided into three periods: First, from 1644 to 1667, the Qing court promulgated the Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong, which stipulated that "every 100 people were recruited, the magistrate was awarded the title and the army was stationed in the defense". In the past 23 years, "many Shandong people immigrated to the northeast", and many areas "have great geographical advantages and numerous interests". 2. From1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs in Northeast China and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, the Qing court in the seventh year of Kangxi ordered that "Liaodong recruit people to grant officials and stop forever" and implemented the policy of prohibiting land closure in Northeast China. At that time, wicker walls were planted everywhere in Shanhaiguan, and the middle was connected by ropes. Manchu soldiers were stationed there to closely guard the pass, and Han people were not allowed to go out. However, this policy did not stop immigrants from Shandong. At this time, the immigrants "either carry baskets, help the old and carry the young, or go out to Guan Yu in the east, or cross the Bohai Sea in the east, with swarms of bees and ants." Once, Shandong people traveled all over the vast land of Kanto; 3. From 186 1 to191Kloc-0/After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the border areas gradually weakened, and Russia continued to encroach on the border areas of Heilongjiang. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of General Tepuqin of Heilongjiang Province and officially reclaimed land in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). With the gradual opening up of kanto region, immigrants "live abroad", getting older every year, and the immigrants from Shandong and Zhili are "following the trend" and "going into the Tao all the year round", making the Northeast finally become an "immigrant society". It is estimated that in the third year of Xuantong (19 1 1), the population of Northeast China was * * * 184 1 10,000, of which the immigrants from Shandong, Hebei and Henan were about 1 10,000. It can be inferred that the number of immigrants who moved from Shandong to Northeast China in Qing Dynasty was between 7 million and 8 million. "The scale, you can imagine. Shandong people are the main force of "going to the East", which is full of legends and is regarded as an unprecedented sport in China's modern history. Shandong people are the main force of this movement. There is a saying: "For the vast majority of Shandong immigrants, the three eastern provinces are nothing more than the expansion of Shandong Province" ... In some areas of Jiaodong, almost every household "rushes to the Kanto", and even the young people in the village are regarded as worthless by the villagers if they don't. "Going to the East" is widely accepted as a social custom, which is a cultural phenomenon. Guandong is the second hometown of Shandong people, where there are their old folks. When they encounter difficulties in life or natural or man-made disasters, they will first think of "going to the East" to visit relatives and friends for help. For example, in the early years of Guangxu, there was a drought in Shandong, and immigrants "helped the old and brought the young, and fled to Feng at the same speed ... to find relatives and friends of the clan and eat, hoping to plant wasteland in the future". Such an example is recorded in Historical Records and can be fully verified from the survey data: Case 1: Li Zhenjie of Pucheng Township, Binzhou City dictated: "I was born in Xinjing, Northeast China. My father borrowed usury from the Northeast as early as 1926. At that time, my uncle worked for people in the northeast, and my aunt was in my hometown. My father went to see my uncle. My father went to Jinan first, took the train to Xinjiang via Shanhaiguan, and worked in a flour mill. My mother is also from Shandong, and was introduced to marry my father in Xinjiang. Since then, most people in my village have gone to see my father. " Case 2: Yu in Boxing County dictated: "I am 74 years old and I was 26 years old when I went to Kanto. There was a father, a mother and a wife. Take the train from Zhangdian, economically go south, Tianjin to Fengtian. I used to be a carpenter at home and found a carpenter there. I didn't go to school I went with my aunt and cousin, and ran with my cousin in the northeast. He went more than a year earlier than me, and I learned carpentry from him in my hometown. " Case 3: zouping county Sun Zhiguo dictated: "1945, my father fled to Qingdao with my mother, sister and me, then took a boat to Dalian and settled in Wafangdian, Liaoning. Grandparents who stay at home are taken care of by their uncles. We went to the folks of a dry tinker who went to a village in the northeast at 1939. " Case 4: Ma Fushan in Linqu County dictated: "1940, my parents took my sister and me to the northeast. ..... We went to Shenyang to find my uncle. My uncle 1930 went to Shenyang in the northeast. At that time, he was only 16 years old, and he was an apprentice bricklayer in a Japanese iron works, with a monthly salary of 15 yuan. My uncle lives in Huanggutun, Shenyang, which is within 0/5 of Shenyang Railway Station. After we got off the bus, I hired a carriage according to the address to find my uncle and spent two yuan. After meeting my uncle, he took us to his home by bike. At that time, we lived in a room with a fellow villager in Shandong. " These examples show that Kanto and Shandong have inseparable social ties. The expansion of social communication and the popularity of the phenomenon of "going to Kanto" are mutually causal, which endows the regional cultural tradition of "going to Kanto" with a deep social foundation, and at the same time makes the phenomenon of "going to Kanto" have a relatively less "blind" color. In fact, the "copying" of Northeasters such as Shandong Village and hebei village and Shandong people in Kanto is the plane transplantation of Central Plains culture. In addition, they have every reason to maintain Qilu culture or Yanzhao culture. Living together, their language and customs are as old as before. They can adapt to local social customs and religious beliefs and use local languages without changing themselves. In the face of Qilu culture and Yanzhao culture, Kanto culture can't be without vigilance, and it can't be without the contradiction of "natives". For example, "Introduction to Heilongjiang Province" said: "While hiring people to open up wasteland, there are many Zhili and Shandong provinces. Every time after the ice is valued, pedestrians can be seen everywhere in Ji Feng and Jilin provinces, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province is also an example. "An Guang County Records" records: "Before the county was founded, the Mongols were not proficient in farming. This is a barren land. After the Han people came to cultivate seeds, the flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongols bullied them more ... Guangxu 30 years, allowing members to develop wasteland and recruit sites. The guests heard the news, and then ... Mongolia gradually deteriorated. " According to the survey data, "There are many people in Northeast Shandong, nine times out of ten, and some of them went several generations ago. In the past, children sometimes fought wars, and children born in the northeast called the children who had just gone to Shandong' Shandong Bangzi'. When the family came out, they beat the swearing child and said,' Your grandfather is also from Shandong'. " Braving the Guandong, why is it? The word "Chuang" highlights the hardships of this route. The Qing court took the northeast as the "land of Longxing", fearing that a large number of Han people in Shanhaiguan would harm the interests of flag-bearers and destroy the Manchu customs and order. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the policy of banning was implemented, and then the measures became more and more severe, from partial ban to comprehensive ban, from customs clearance to expulsion of refugees. Although the ban is getting more and more severe, it can't completely prevent people from entering the northeast. Due to the increasingly heavy pressure of life and the continuous natural famine, more and more farmers from Shandong and Hebei provinces sneaked across the ocean to Liaodong, or crossed the Great Wall to western Liaoning privately and flocked to the sleeping northeast Woye. These immigrants were all carried out under the conditions of the forbidden policy of the Qing court, so they were called "eastward crossing". Why do you want to go to Guangdong? Breaking through the Kanto is a tragic history and an immigration feat. In essence, Shandong people's crusade to the East is a spontaneous, overwhelming and tragic survival movement of poor farmers who are dying. From the starting point, on the one hand, there are natural disasters, such as drought, water, hail, insect disaster and epidemic disaster; On the one hand, man-made disasters, such as the Second Opium War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, and local struggles, all swept across the provinces in North China. The direct Anhui war, the two direct Anhui wars and the melee between the old and new warlords year after year, the war disaster spread to the provinces in North China. Frequent military disasters and banditry increasingly aggravate the burden of land rent, tax, poor service and extra sharing. More and more bankrupt farmers, victims and refugees have to go to the northeast to escape and take refuge. From the perspective of immigrants, the social productive forces in Northeast China are relatively backward, most of the land has not been reclaimed, and North China is vast and sparsely populated. In Shandong and other places, it has a long history of "going east". Some immigrants send money to their hometown, some bring property back to their hometown for the New Year, and some get rich and get married. These have stimulated more people to make a living outside the customs. In some villages in Jiaodong, almost every household has "going to Kanto", and even the young people in the village who don't go to Kanto are regarded as worthless by the villagers, and the custom of "going to Kanto" has gradually formed. Therefore, in North China, especially in Jiaodong, Shandong Province and Jidong, Hebei Province, when the labor force is slightly abundant, or when encountering natural or man-made disasters, the first thing that comes to mind is to bring family members or gather friends and relatives to flock to Kanto to make a living. Difficulties in crossing the Kanto: Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga recorded a real historical picture in a book in 1899: On the way from Fengtian to Xingjing, I saw my husband pushing a wheelbarrow, a woman sitting on it, a child crying and sleeping, my husband pushing behind, my brother pulling in front, my old woman leaning against each other and my young daughter stumbling along the road. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, Shandong immigrants slept all the way. Despite the ban, thousands of bankrupt farmers risked their lives to "rush" into the northeast. Who is going through this journey? At the end of Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China, followed by Japan. The two countries are competing to expand their power in the northeast, build railways and plunder resources, which requires a lot of labor and forces North China to go bankrupt. Outside the customs, most farmers immigrated from North China, especially from Shandong and Hebei provinces. Dengzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou in Jiaodong, Shandong, Baoding and Luanzhou in Hebei, and the Beijing-Tianjin area, with convenient roads and the custom of "crossing the Kanto", are the main transport areas for immigrants. Later, Henan province, the hardest hit area, relied on developed railways, and a considerable number of farmers fled to the northeast. Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is no exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. " How many people broke in? According to statistics, in 192 1 year, only 209,000 people immigrated to the northeast, which increased to 567,000 in 1926, and then the number of immigrants soared, reaching10 in 1927 and 1028. That is, from 192 1 to 10 in130, nearly 6180,000 people went to the northeast to make a living. Some scholars estimate that from the real border of modern immigrants to the late Qing Dynasty, the immigrant population (including descendants) reached more than 6.5438+0.4 million, with an average of nearly 300,000 people per year. Some experts believe that before the 1930s, there were about 400,000 to 500,000 people going to the Northeast from Hebei, Shandong and Henan every year, and in many years it exceeded one million. The significance of crossing Kanto lies in that people are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The large-scale advance of Central Plains culture to kanto region is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture. No matter in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethics and economic behavior, there are similarities between North China and Northeast China. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the three northeastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. Migration tide has broken the restriction between regions, promoted the dissemination, exchange, integration and complementarity of social economy and culture, contributed to the improvement of population quality, and promoted the coordination and unification of social economy and culture, the exchange of goods, the complementarity of resources and the integration of cultural customs between Northeast China and Shanhaiguan.

Seek adoption