Tianjin immigrated to Henan.

/view/9810/.htm The historical "dialect island" of Tianjin dialect, but everyone in Tianjin knows that what Yangliuqing and Yanshuigu say seems to be "isolation". On the border of Tianjin, there is a fuzzy line. At this end of the line is the Tianjin dialect "You (ní) know what this (jiè) is doing (ga) (mà)". When you walk to the other end of the line, it's like being in a foreign country.

Where is this line? 1954, Li Shiyu, 8 1 year-old, found out the language dividing line in all directions in Tianjin and established "Tianjin".

Tianjin dialect

Dialect island theory, drew a map of Tianjin dialect area.

Li Lao told reporters that he used to live in Liangjiazui, Xitou, and he noticed a fact from an early age: those male and female servants in his family, who are engaged in small businesses, sell vegetables and watermelons, and dig dung ... don't speak Tianjin dialect. Li Lao asked them what they said. They don't mean Yangliuqing and Jinghai County, that is, Xia Hai and Xianshuigu, or Wuqing County and Baiyangdian ... He also discovered the fact that many words used in our spoken language are inconsistent with textbooks, books and newspapers, and can't be found in dictionaries. Adults say this is a dialect or a "miscellaneous word". In the early 1940s, Li Shiyu began to collect these dialects.

He said that there are many differences between Tianjin dialect and dialects in nearby areas. People who live in the city will find that the language has changed when they walk in the suburbs.

On the map of Li Shiyu, seven dialect areas are marked, (1) is Tianjin dialect area, which is an inverted isosceles triangle. The old city of Tianjin is the center of Tianjin dialect, and its four directions (namely, equal language line or same language line and same language volume) start from Dabizhuang in the eastern suburb, and pass through Zhaozhuangzi, Zhang Gui Zhuang, Zhai Zhuangzi, Lv Zhuangzi, Beimaji, Nanmaji, Beilibakou, Da Han Zhuang, Lubeikou, Xiaonanhe, Chencun, Houjiatai, Xingzhuangzi and Caozhuangzi in the western suburb. In the northwest of this range is ③, which is the northern suburb dialect area. Here is divided into a,

Tianjin

B two districts. (5) Eastern suburb dialect area. (4) Jinghai dialect area (belonging to Jinghai phonology). And (2) Wuqing dialect area (belonging to Beijing phonology).

Because (1) is a Tianjin dialect area and surrounded by Jinghai dialect area on three sides, this phenomenon is called (1) "dialect island" in linguistics. The so-called dialect island is an independent dialect island surrounded by the original dialect area and occupied by foreign dialect forces. There are many such examples in China, mostly because of immigration. Chengde is the most famous dialect island in the northern dialect area, which is nearly 200 kilometers away from Beijing. But the residents speak pure Beijing dialect, because the Summer Resort and Waiba Temple were built in Kangxi, and a large number of worshippers and guards moved to settle in this area, overwhelming the dialect spoken by the original residents and assimilating it into Beijing dialect, so Chengde formed a dialect island.

As for Tianjin dialect island, where did its immigrants come from, that is, where is its etymology? Li Shiyu said that two related problems should be solved first.

One is to determine the dialect island, that is, to draw its isoline, which is mainly based on the phonetic characteristics of Tianjin dialect: the tone is flat (one sound) and the tone is low, so it cannot be found around Tianjin. important

Tianjin

Both sides of the inverted isosceles triangle are Jinghai dialect area or submarine dialect area belonging to Jinghai phonology. The village of Liangyao is sometimes close at hand, but its meaning is also very different. Mainly outside the waist, the low-key flat tone suddenly disappeared, and other tones also changed. An extreme example is Xie Beicun, which happens to be on the line of equal language. North of the village is separated by a small river drawn by the South Canal. Hedong speaks Tianjin dialect, which is flat tone and low tone. The Hexi low-level tone suddenly disappeared in Jinghai dialect. In Tianjin dialect island, at the bottom of the isosceles triangle, the situation is slightly different. (3) The dialect area is a transitional stage, and the phenomenon of reading the flat tones with flat tones gradually disappears, and the more you go north, the less flat tones there are. Until (2) dialect area, all pronounced Gao Pingtiao.

Second, why did Dasunzhuang change from the old Tianjin dialect center, which is only one kilometer north, to Yuzhuang in the east and then to Yuzhuang in the west-although it is a transitional area, it is more than 20 kilometers south of Dabalitai?

because

Tianjin

Therefore, the garrison of the prince of Yan is based on the old city, and it is impossible to fill the sea in the north, west and east. These three directions are densely populated and cultivated all the year round. Villagers do not allow foreigners to occupy cultivated land, and the garrison can only open up wasteland in the south. Tianjin was originally a retreat at sea. Since the discovery of three ancient coastal sites on the west coast of Bohai Bay 30 years ago, it has been confirmed that the settlements in Tianjin during the Warring States Period are still scattered along the line from Zhang Gui Zhuang to Balitai, and the west of the line from Junliangcheng to Yanshui Valley is still a turbulent swamp. In the northern part of the old city, the Neolithic age became land and was gradually developed. In the early Ming Dynasty, Tianjin's position was even more important. After fortification, immigrants gathered and settled in Jinghai, the original land blocked to the north by the North-South Canal and Ziya River, which was the developed border of Wuqing. There are many swamps, reed ponds and wasteland to the south, all of which are inhabited by immigrants, so they have been driving for twenty or thirty kilometers.

This shows that the dialect island in Tianjin dialect area is formed by a few residents who speak Tianjin dialect, and their dialects gradually assimilate into the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect.

Where is the root of Tianjin dialect?

It is similar to Fengyang dialect and Xuzhou dialect, similar to Huai 'an dialect, and most like Suzhou dialect.

stone

Tianjin

After the theory of "Tianjin dialect island" was put forward, the academic circles unanimously recognized it, but they had different views on the etymology of Tianjin dialect. First, the popular indigenous dialects in Tianjin; In other words, Jinghai dialect was gradually formed after the tone evolution; Another folklore was moved from Dahuaishu Village, Hongdong, Shanxi. According to records, many early figures were born in Shanxi, and there are also records of "immigrants from Shanxi" in the literature, so it is also the main point; The other group was moved from Jiangsu and Anhui during the "Rebecca Sweeping-up". Li Shiyu believes that from the perspective of language phenomenon, the saying that "the prince swept across the north" is more realistic.

"Prince Sweeping the North" is a long-standing folk legend. After Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he imitated the ancients and sealed many prisoners. Judy, the fourth son, was armed to the teeth and repeatedly made meritorious military service, which made Zhu Yuanzhang fearful. In order to weaken his strength, Zhu Yuanzhang made him a prince in Hongwu for three years, and asked him to lead a large number of old, weak and sick soldiers to guard the Beijing-Tianjin border. It is said that the standard of conscription at that time was "don't pick the weak crown, can't stand it, and go with the army in the year of destiny", which means that people in their twenties and thirties are not allowed to go with the prince, only people in their fifties are allowed to go. There is no doubt that these people are very small, that is to say, the prince was indeed recruited from the ancient town.

Many soldiers took their families to the north.

Legend aside, one thing is certain, that is, before and after Rebecca swept across the north, Jiangsu and Anhui regions immigrated to Tianjin, and Jianghuai people gradually occupied an overwhelming advantage before the establishment of Tianjin dialect island. People who immigrate to Tianjin from Shanxi or other places will be assimilated no matter what dialect they speak, because there are not many of them.

Yan Wang is from Fengyang, Anhui. When he led his troops to the north, he would recruit soldiers from his hometown and its vicinity, including family members or other immigrants, and these people were "those who guarded Tianjin in the early Ming Dynasty because of their homes" ("Tianjin County Records Wang Laichuan"). Therefore, the "Wei Zhi" account has military status and official status. Through the above-mentioned escape from famine, grain transportation and border defense, a large number of people settled in Tianjin

"Wei Zhengmao opens the Zhengde Monument" Note: "Tianjin is close to the East China Sea, so it is a barren stone. Yongle first lived in Fujian, Guangzhou, Wu, Chu and Qi. " These historical data show that the population structure of Tianjinwei changed fundamentally in the early Ming Dynasty. Wu Rencheng, who joined the army to do business, is an important part of Tianjinwei population. In addition, these people have high political and economic status. Therefore, the Jianghuai dialect with low level tone has become the lingua franca of Tianjinwei.

Follow the footsteps of Tianjin dialect

real

Tianjin dialect

Once the source of Tianjin dialect is established, it is necessary to find out where the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect is. Fengyang? Bengbu? Huaian? Or ... In the 1980s, Li Shiyu, who was over 60 years old, went south twice and traveled around Anhui. Li Lao lingers by Hongze Lake.

Clues are everywhere.

Before departure, several clues formed different pictures and presented them to Li Shiyu.

Clue 1: In 1980s, "Fengyang Acrobatic Troupe" went to Tianjin to perform, and the narrator said "Tianjin dialect" completely. Li Shiyu thought it was a Tianjin native who was temporarily hired as a commentator. After the performance, he talked with the actors, only to find that their accents were similar to those of the narrator, and they all spoke the dialect of their hometown. Li Shiyu believes that there is a folk dance in Xiyuzhuang, Tianjin-ancient paintings, whose lyrics, drums, dances and costumes all come from Fengyang. When listening to Huangmei opera, I often feel that Daobai is very similar to Tianjin dialect.

Clue 2: Once he took a bus from Hefei to the south, the conductor said "Tianjin dialect". Li Shiyu thought that this was transferred to Huainan Train Depot by the Tianjin Train Depot flight attendants. After asking, I realized that what they said was also a hometown dialect. A Tianjin native who works in Xuzhou told him that Xuzhou dialect is similar to Tianjin dialect, as long as you move a few sounds. All these make Li Shiyu realize that the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect is probably related to northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui, especially in Fengyang, where the soldiers led by the Prince of Yan may have been recruited and later settled in Tianjin.

Clue 3: Premier Zhou's accent is familiar to everyone. His accent is very similar to Tianjin dialect, because his level tone is relatively low. Huai 'an is the hometown of Premier Zhou, which made him realize that the dialect centered on Huai 'an may be the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect.

Search: Fengyang is not his hometown.

With these assumptions,1September, 986, Li Shiyu started his search and went to Fengyang first. Li Shiyu got off at Bengbu, first investigated Bengbu dialect, and recorded it while listening. The result was disappointing. Because except for its flat tone (one sound), it is also a low flat tone pronunciation, and other tones are different from Tianjin dialect, especially there are many tones, but Tianjin dialect has no tones. If we speed up the flow of words, they will have something they don't understand. When I arrived in Fengyang, I found that the dialect there was basically the same as Bengbu, unlike the members of the acrobatic troupe, perhaps because not all the people in the acrobatic troupe were Fengyang people.

At the same time, Li Shiyu found that there are differences between the south and the north of Fengyang dialect, and there are more Rusheng characters in the south. He also investigated Linhuai and Liukou near Fengyang, and the result was the same. When he arrived in Huai 'an, he found nothing, and Li Shiyu's clues were suddenly cut off. The inference that Fengyang and Huai 'an are "mother tongue dialects" of Tianjin dialect is denied by facts.

Encounter: the ancient town is the right root

I ran around gaoyou lake and Hongze Lake, as if the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect was still in the fog. Li Shiyu decided to visit Anqing again. On the way from Xuzhou to Anqing by train, he got an unexpected harvest, which became the decisive factor for the success of Li Shiyu's search.

The train is very crowded, and Li Shiyu, like many people, is a "standing ticket". After the train passed Suzhou, two people around Li Shiyu quarreled over the seat. A pure Tianjin dialect was thrown out of their mouths with difficulty. Li Shiyu thought he met a fellow villager, so he persuaded him. "It is not easy for everyone to go out. Don't argue. " The man who robbed the seat raised an eyebrow and stood up: "Well! All right, get out! Me, I am here. "

In a word, Li Shiyu was overjoyed and Anqing couldn't get away! He simply followed the two men off the train and got off at Guzhen, 48 kilometers north of Bengbu, Anhui. On arriving at Guzhen Railway Station, Li Shiyu thought he had returned to Tianjin, and his ears were full of Tianjin dialect he had heard and talked about since childhood.

In front of the tea stall at the station, an old shopkeeper accosted them, and a "* * * same language" made them chat happily. So far, there is still such a wonderful dialogue in Li Shiyu's tapes. "Two comrades, where are you from?" "Where do you think we are from?" The old man hesitated: "I hear your accent is local, but why haven't I seen you?" It turns out that people coming and going in the ancient town have to pass through this railway station, and almost all the old shopkeepers know it.

The old shopkeeper told Li Shiyu that the ancient town belongs to Suzhou and now belongs to Bengbu, and Suzhou is 45 kilometers away from the ancient town.

Excited Li Shiyu returned to Suzhou non-stop. After several months of investigation, the "mother tongue" of Tianjin dialect has finally revealed its true colors-Tianjin dialect comes from the vast Jianghuai Plain.

This is from Judy, the prince of Yan. In the long-standing folk legend that "the prince swept across the north", Zhu Yuanzhang's fourth son, Judy, was revered by his father because of his heavy army and repeated military exploits. In order to weaken his strength, Zhu Yuanzhang made him a prince in Hongwu for three years, and asked him to lead a large number of old, weak and sick soldiers to guard the Beijing-Tianjin border. At that time, the standard of conscription was that people in their twenties and thirties were not allowed to go, and only people in their fifties were allowed to go. These people undoubtedly have small families. The prince did recruit many soldiers from Guzhen area and took his family to the north.

By the end of the Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang had transferred 60,000 Huai troops to Tianjin, and finally they all became Tianjin people.

Conclusion: Tianjin dialect comes from Guzhen, Bengbu City, southern Anhui Province. The dialects on both sides of Huaihe River with Guzhen as the center are the source of Tianjin dialect.