What major achievements did New China achieve during the First Five-Year Plan period?

The employment policy during the economic recovery period and the "First Five-Year Plan" period includes the following contents: (1) Helping the unemployed find employment solutions. One of the political purposes of the Communist Party is to protect the lives of the working people. Power and labor rights ensure that "everyone has a job and everyone has food to eat." Therefore, the state has adopted a variety of administrative measures to promote employment. 1. Register as unemployed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, unemployed workers were universally registered and introduced to jobs by labor agencies in various cities, or provided with job transition training. 2. Disburse unemployment benefits. In order to help the unemployed maintain their basic livelihood, the government provides certain unemployment benefits. In addition, many regions also provide one-time winter clothing and medical expenses subsidies to unemployed people who are struggling. 3. Work-for-relief and temporary employment. From 1950 to 1951, the government arranged for unemployed people to participate in municipal engineering construction and other labor, so that the unemployed could obtain a certain amount of income and achieve short-term or temporary employment by voluntarily participating in these jobs. 4. Organize production for self-rescue. The government organizes handicraftsmen and traders from all walks of life to join cooperatives or engage in individual production and operation to achieve employment. 5. Carry out career transition training. The government enhances the employability of unemployed people by training them. 6. Mobilize unemployed people to return to their hometowns or immigrate to reclaim land. For urban unemployed people who have close ties with the countryside, the government provides generous conditions to mobilize them to return to their hometowns for agricultural production. At the same time, the government also mobilizes and organizes them to carry out land development in undeveloped areas with less people and more land, so that the unemployed can find employment. (2) Adopt administrative measures to maintain employment and prevent the emergence of new unemployment 1. The policy of "contracting down". For employees of enterprises managed by the former Kuomintang government and those working in the education, science, culture and health industries, the policy of maintaining "their original salary" was implemented, and the people's government took over all of them. The state's policy of "contracting" the above-mentioned categories of personnel not only effectively prevents the emergence of new unemployed people, stabilizes social order, but is also conducive to the recovery and development of production. 2. The policy of “giving a way out”. For personnel in the former Kuomintang army and government who do not have major criminal core problems, all personnel will be arranged and assigned work by the current government based on their respective abilities. 3. Moderately develop the private economy. The government allows private industry and commerce to develop appropriately in order to maintain original employment and absorb more labor employment. In 1949, there were more than 123,000 private industrial enterprises nationwide, employing 1.64 million people, accounting for 53.7% of the country's total industrial workforce. The government paid attention to preventing existing enterprises from suspending operations and closing down, causing new workers to become unemployed. The development of the private economy played a major role in preventing the creation of new unemployed people and reabsorbing some of the unemployed into employment. In order to support the further development of private enterprises and increase employment, the government, while giving priority to the development of state-owned enterprises, has implemented a policy of "both public and private considerations, and benefiting both labor and capital" for private enterprises, so that they can play an important role in the distribution of raw materials, processing orders, product acquisition and underwriting, and financing. In terms of loans and other aspects, it enjoys basically the same treatment as state-owned capital, so that capitalists can benefit from it and are willing to continue operating, thereby maintaining the employment of labor. The government also educates employees in private industry and commerce, requiring them to cooperate with their partners to overcome difficulties, restore and develop production, and avoid business shutdowns and closures, causing new unemployment. 4. Restrict companies from firing people. The government restricts private companies from blindly recruiting and unreasonably firing workers. In 1954, the state further stipulated that no matter whether public or private enterprises, wealthy employees should be fired because of the company's improvement of production efficiency, the company's surplus personnel should be studied and trained by the original company. 5. Maintain employment during economic transformation. From 1955 to 1956, the state began to implement "public-private partnership" in the private economy, gradually transitioning it into a state-owned economy. In this process, the government adopted the method of "separate responsibility and overall arrangement", whereby the competent departments of the state-owned economy separately manage private enterprises in corresponding industries and make comprehensive arrangements for their capital, property, production operations, personnel, etc. and processing. For capital workers, the government will pay a certain amount of interest every year on their original assets to redeem them, and place them into employment in government agencies or state-owned enterprises. Workers in private enterprises should be retained in their original enterprises or transferred to other departments and industries to avoid unemployment. 6. Control the recruitment of rural labor force. When urban enterprises need to recruit rural labor, they must be uniformly deployed or organized by the local labor department. The government discourages farmers from blindly migrating to cities to avoid new unemployment. (3) Establish a "unified employment" system 1. Cultivate cadres and distribute them uniformly. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government established People's Revolutionary University in major cities to absorb unemployed workers, engineering technicians and intellectuals, and provide short-term political education and vocational training. The government then uniformly assigned them to work in government administrative departments and cultural and educational institutions. 2. Unified employment introduction and unified deployment of labor force. In August 1952, the "Measures for Handling Unemployed Workers" approved by the Government Affairs Council pointed out that "in order to cooperate with the national construction plan, gradually solve the problems of unemployment, semi-unemployed and surplus labor and strive to gradually realize the rational use of labor, we should start with the unified introduction of employment , and gradually achieve unified deployment of labor force." 3. Unified employment arrangements for demobilized servicemen and graduates.

The government has clearly stipulated that the state will uniformly arrange employment for urban demobilized military personnel, college graduates, technical school graduates, and urban middle school and college graduates. (4) Certain employment flexibility 1. Some areas recruit workers independently. In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government allowed some industrial and mining enterprises and economic departments in urgent need of labor in regions with good economic foundations (such as Northeast and North China) to recruit workers and technical personnel from the labor force and unemployed people in society to meet the needs of their enterprises. 2. Implement the policy of “combining employment introduction and self-employment”. In response to the shortcomings of the "unified employment introduction" policy that was not conducive to solving the unemployment problem in a broad way in practice, in May 1953, the Central Labor and Employment Commission, the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Internal Affairs proposed the policy of "combining employment introduction and self-employment", thus Open the "two doors" of employment. The government has narrowed the scope of employment approval and unified deployment, giving companies a small amount of autonomy in employment. The state encourages individuals to find jobs on their own through connections and achieve employment.