History of Anglo-French and Anglo-German Relations

In p>1337—1453, Britain and France fought for power and profit for the issue of succession to the throne, and then it evolved into British invasion of France, and France was forced to carry out counter-invasion, thus waging a century-long war.

The main reason of the war was that France tried to expel the British from the southwest of France (Keith Province), thus eliminating the last British fortress in France, while Britain tried to consolidate its position in Keane and recapture Normandy, Mann, Anjou and other parts of France that had been lost earlier. The struggle between Britain and France for Flanders deepened the contradiction between them. Flanders is formally under the rule of the French king, but in fact it is independent and has close trade relations with Britain (British wool is the main raw material of Flemish wool textile industry). The fuse of the war was that King Edward III of England coveted the French throne. German feudal lords and Flanders sided with Britain, while Scotland and the Pope supported France. The British army is mainly composed of mercenaries, under the command of the king, and its main body is infantry (archers) and mercenaries. The French army is mainly composed of feudal knight armed forces (see knight army).

The first stage of the Hundred Years War (1337—136)

Britain and France fought for Flanders and Keith. In the Battle of Schloss (134), the British army hit the French army hard and won the right to control the sea. After the Battle of Crecy in August 1346, the British army gained land superiority again, and occupied the coastal fortress Calais after an 11-month siege (1347). Since then, the two countries have been in a truce for nearly ten years (1347-1355). Then Britain attacked and occupied the southwest of France (Keith and Gascony). The French army was defeated again in the Battle of Poitiers (1356). The British's extortions and economic collapse all over France led to the French people's uprisings-the Paris Uprising led by Etienne Marcel (1357-1358) and the Zachary Uprising (1358). In 136, France was forced to sign an extremely harsh peace treaty in Bretigny-the territory from the south of the Loire River to the Pyrenees was ceded to Britain.

The second stage of the Hundred Years' War (1369—138)

In order to recapture the British occupied areas, French King Charles V (reigned from 1364 to 138) reorganized the army and reorganized the tax system. He replaced part of the knight's armed forces with hired infantry, and established field artillery and a new fleet. B. Duguesclin, a talented military officer, was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the army, with great power. By the end of 197s, the French army had gradually forced the British army to retreat to the coastal area. The use of artillery by the French army is conducive to the success of military operations. In order to keep several coastal ports in France (Bordeaux, bayonne, brest, Cherbourg and Calais) and some areas between Bordeaux and bayonne, and in view of the deterioration of the domestic situation, Britain signed an armistice agreement with France. At that time, mass unrest began to appear in France.

The third stage of the Hundred Years' War (1415—1424)

Due to the intensification of domestic contradictions in France (the two feudal main groups, Burgundy and Oman Jacques, clashed; Farmers and citizens held a new uprising) and weakened, Britain took the opportunity to resume the war. In 1415, the British army defeated the French army at the Battle of Azancourt, and occupied the northern part of France with the assistance of duke of burgundy allied with it, thus forcing France to sign a peace treaty of humiliation and humiliation in Trouvat on May 21, 142. According to the terms of the peace treaty, France became a part of Britain and France. Henry V, king of England, declared himself regent of France and was entitled to inherit the French throne after the death of charles vi, king of France. However, both charles vi and Henry V died suddenly in 1422. As the struggle for the throne (1422-1423) intensified, France was looted and carved up by the invaders, and the situation was very difficult. Taxes and reparations are a heavy burden on the residents in the British-occupied areas. Therefore, for France, the war for the throne has turned into a national liberation war.

The fourth stage of the Hundred Years' War (1424—1453)

With the people's participation in the war, guerrilla warfare spread more widely (especially in Normandy). Guerrillas helped the French army a lot: they set an ambush, caught tax collectors, wiped out small enemy troops, and forced the British army to leave a large number of garrison troops behind the conquered areas. In October, 1428, when the British and Burgundy troops captured Orleans, the last strong fortress outside the French occupied area, the national liberation struggle in France became more and more intense. Joan led the struggle and won the battle of Orleans under her command (1429.5). The French army captured Paris in 1437, recovered champagne in 1441, recovered Mann and Normandy in 145, and recovered Guienne in 1453. On October 19th, 1453, the British army surrendered in Bordeaux, and the war ended.

The Hundred Years' War brought profound disasters to the French people and great losses to the French economy, but it promoted the awakening of the French nation. After driving out the British, the historic progress of unifying France was completed. In Britain, the Hundred Years' War temporarily consolidated the dominant position of feudal aristocracy and knight class, thus delaying the process of centralization of state power. The Hundred Years' War showed that British mercenaries were superior to French feudal knights, which forced France to establish a standing mercenary. This mercenary is loyal to the king and has the characteristics of a regular army in organization, military discipline and training. The alliance between kingship and citizens demanding the elimination of feudal separatism is the political and financial basis of mercenaries. The war shows that the knight's heavy cavalry has lost its previous role, while the role of infantry, especially those archers who can successfully fight cavalry, has been improved. Firearms appeared in the war, although they are not as good as bow and crossbow, but they are more and more widely used in various campaigns. The change of the nature of the war and its transformation into a people's liberation war made France get rid of the rule of the invaders.

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Anglo-French relations

(1) In the 18th century, there were wars between Britain and France for European hegemony and colonies in India and North America. As a result, France was defeated and lost many colonies in India and North America.

(2) During the French Revolution and the First Empire of France, Britain organized many anti-French alliances, intervened in the French Revolution, and competed with Napoleon for European hegemony. Finally, Britain defeated France.

(3) After the victory of Saratoga in the North American War of Independence in 1777, France helped the United States to fight against Britain.

(4) In 1814 ~ 1815, Britain participated in the Vienna Conference, and through resolutions such as restricting France and maintaining the balance of power in Europe, Britain also captured many overseas colonies originally belonging to France. (5) From 1853 to 1856, Britain and France fought the Crimean War with Russia and defeated Russia.

(6) At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 2th century, in order to deal with Germany, the enemy of Germany, and safeguard its own interests, Britain and France organized the "Three-Nation Pact" group, including Russia.

(7) During World War I, Britain and France jointly fought against Germany on the Western Front, and finally won the war.

(8) At the Paris Peace Conference after the war, France tried its best to weaken Germany, while Britain pursued the "balance of power" in Europe, and opposed the excessive weakening of Germany, resulting in conflicts between Britain and France.

(9) In the early post-war period, Britain and France, together with the League of Manipulators, opposed the United States' intervention in European affairs. In the 192s and 193s, the two countries had different opinions on German reparations and French security. In the 193s, in the face of fascist aggression and expansion, the policy of appeasement was adopted.

(1) During World War II, the two countries retreated from Dunkirk and joined the world anti-fascist alliance, and fought against the enemy.

(11) After World War II, both countries accepted the assistance of Marshall Plan of the United States and joined NATO. At present, both countries are members of the European Union.

Looking at the relationship between Britain and France in the colonial era in essence, first of all, they are both colonial countries, and their overall interests in treating colonial and semi-colonial countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America are basically the same; When competing for hegemony, controlling spheres of influence and involving their own interests, contradictions will occur, resulting in fierce conflicts; When threatened by enemies with the same interests, we can temporarily unite with each other to cope with the crisis, but we also play our own abacus in the alliance. This is determined by the nature of the bourgeoisie.

However, Britain and France have not directly occupied and ruled each other's homeland, so there is no bitter hatred between the two countries in history.

2 Yingde

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