Does The Analects of Confucius say tolerance? If so, please write down this sentence.

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Twenty-two new kingdoms of heaven

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There is no reason to fear that Spinoza's book will spread. His books are as interesting as trigonometry textbooks, but few people can read more than three sentences, no matter which chapter.

Another kind of person is needed to spread new ideas to people.

In France, once the country becomes a monarchy, the enthusiasm for independent thinking and investigation ends.

In Germany, the thirty years' war brought poverty and terror, and killed individual creativity for at least 200 years.

/kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, Britain was the only country in Europe that could make progress in independent thinking. The long-term disagreement between the king and parliament increased the unstable factors and promoted the cause of personal freedom.

First, we will talk about the British monarch. For many years, this unfortunate king has been caught between the devil's Catholicism and the sea-like Puritans in Wang Yang.

Catholic subjects (including many Anglicans who secretly took refuge in Rome) have been clamoring to return to the happy days when the king of England was a servant of the Pope.

The Puritans, on the other hand, stared at Geneva with another eye, dreaming that one day Britain would be without national jade, and England would become like a happy federation curled up in the corner of Swiss mountains.

But that's not all.

The man who rules England is also the king of Scotland, and Scottish subjects are well aware of their religious aspirations. They are fully convinced that it is correct for them to resolutely oppose freedom of religious belief. In their view, there are other sects in Protestant land, and they can believe freely, which is simply evil. They insist that not only Catholics and Baptists should be driven out of the British Isles. Moreover, the Sosinos, the Amines and the Cartels, in short, all people who have different views on the existence of a living God should be hanged.

However, this triangle conflict has produced unexpected consequences. Some people want to remain neutral between opposing sects, so they have to be silent, which makes them more tolerant than before.

If Stuart and Cromwell insisted on the equal rights of all sects at different times in their lives-history tells us that they did-it was by no means because they had any feelings for Presbyterians and Catholics, nor because they were loved by those believers. They just want to get the best result in a very difficult transaction. A sect in the Massachusetts Bay Colony finally became powerful. This terrible thing tells us what the fate of England will be if one of the many rival sects in Britain establishes absolute autocracy throughout the country.

Cromwell certainly got what he wanted, but this lord protector is very wise. He knew that his rule was maintained by the Iron Army, so he carefully avoided all unusual acts or decrees that would unite the opposition against him. But his tolerance will stop here.

As for those terrible "atheists"-that is, those who believe in the sacred power of mankind, such as the Suosinos, Amins and Cartels mentioned above-their lives are still as precarious as before.

Of course, British "free thinkers" have great advantages. They are close to the sea, and only need to faint for 36 hours to reach the safe refuge-Holland City. Printing houses in Dutch cities publish banned books in southern and western Europe. Crossing the North Sea means getting a fee from the publisher and then seeing what's new in the literature of ideological resistance.

Some people take advantage of this good opportunity to conduct stable research and quiet thinking, the most famous of which is John Locke.

He was born in the same year as Spinoza. Like Spinoza (in fact, like most independent thinkers), he is the son of a religious family. Baruch's parents are Orthodox Jews, and John's parents are Orthodox Christians. They train their children with strict teachings of different doctrines, and of course they mean well. However, such education either destroys children's hearts or makes them rebel. John, like baruch, is not an easy person. He gritted his teeth and left home to make a living independently.

At the age of twenty, Locke came to Oxford and heard Descartes' speech for the first time. However, in the dusty bookstore on St. Catherine Street, he found other books that were more to his taste, such as Thomas Hobbes's works.

Hobbes is an interesting man. He is a student at Magdalen College, and he is always fidgeting. He went to Italy to talk with Galileo and wrote to the famous Descartes. He spent most of his life in continental Europe to escape the anger of Puritans. Occasionally, he writes a voluminous book, in which he puts his views on all the topics he can think of. The title is striking: Material, Form and Power of a Totalitarian State, or Presbyterian League and National League.

When this learned book came out, Locke was already a sophomore. It hit the nail on the head and pointed out the essence and power of governors, especially their responsibilities. Even the most radical Cromwell school had to agree with it. Many Cromwell partisans tend to forgive this man who has always been skeptical, because although he is a royalist, he exposed the hypocrisy of royalists in a book weighing no less than five pounds. Of course, Hobbes is not the kind of person who can easily divide the rules. At that time, people called him a "dogmatist", which meant that he was more interested in Christian ethics than Christian teachings and advocated giving people a certain degree of "freedom" on less important issues.

Locke and Hobbes have the same temperament. He has been teaching all his life, but he sincerely agrees that he should make a generous explanation of life and beliefs. He and his friends think that if the country gets rid of a tyrant (wearing a golden crown) and abuses power just for another tyrant (wearing a black hat), what's the use? Why deny the loyalty of this group of priests today and accept the rule of another group of priests who are equally arrogant and overbearing the next day? Logically speaking, this is of course right, but there are a group of people who will have no food if "free men" succeed in turning the rigid social system into a society of ethical debate, so this view will not work among them.

Locke himself seems to have some courage. He has several powerful friends who can protect him from the suspicion of the local governor, but before long, he is still suspected of being an "atheist".

This happened in the autumn of 1683, so Locke came to Amsterdam. Spinoza has been dead for five or six years, but the academic atmosphere in the Dutch capital is still very free, and Locke has the opportunity to study and write without official interference. He was diligent and studious, and wrote that famous letter about tolerance during his four years abroad, which made him the protagonist in our little history book. In his letter (according to his objection, it should be three), he just denied that the state has the right to interfere in religion. Locke believes that (this stems from another exile, Pierre Bell, a Frenchman, who was living in Rotterdam at that time and was compiling an encyclopedia himself, and was very talented) the state is just a protective organization, which was established and maintained by a group of people for common interests and security. Locke and his followers never understood why such an organization should give orders and make people believe this and not that. The state does not stipulate what they should eat or drink. Why are they forced to go to this church and avoid that?

The incomplete victory of Puritanism made the 16th century a strange era of religious compromise.

Peace in Westphalia ended all religious wars. It clarifies a truth: "All subjects must obey the religious beliefs of the rulers." In this way, the subjects of a principality are Lutherans today (because the Grand Duke is a Lutheran) and Catholics the next day (because the Baron happens to believe in Catholicism).

Locke argued: "If the state has the right to order people's souls to return to their homes, then half of them are doomed to be destroyed, because neither religion can be correct (according to Article 1 of the Religious Manual). Those born on this side of the border will definitely go to heaven, and those born there will definitely go to hell. In this way, the geographical location at birth can determine whether a person's soul can be saved. "

Locke did not include Catholics in his tolerance plan, which is indeed a pity, but it is also understandable. In the eyes of British people in16th century, Catholicism is not a religious form, but a political party. It has never stopped subverting British security. It built an "invincible fleet" and got barrels of explosives to smash the parliament of this friendly country.

Therefore, Locke would rather give power to colonial pagans than Catholics, and asked them not to set foot on British soil again. But this is only because of their dangerous political activities, not because of their different beliefs.

To hear this view, you must go back to the sixteenth century. A Roman emperor once laid down a famous principle: Religion is a matter between man and God. When God feels that his dignity has been damaged, he will take care of himself.

The British have experienced four government changes in less than 60 years, so they are more likely to accept the fundamental truth contained in the ideal of tolerance based on common sense.

1688, willem van oranje crossed the North Sea, and Locke followed him by boat with the Queen of England. Since then, his life has stabilized and he died at the age of 72, becoming a respected author and no longer a scary heretic.

Civil war is a terrible thing, but it has a great advantage. It can purify the atmosphere.

The political differences in Britain in the sixteenth century exhausted the country's redundant energy. While other countries are still fighting each other for the Trinity, the religious persecution in Great Britain has stopped. Occasionally, an overly presumptuous critic will attack the church, like daniel defoe, which may unfortunately violate the law. However, the author of Robinson Crusoe was shackled, not because he was an amateur theologian, but because he was a humorist. Anglo-Saxons are naturally suspicious of irony. If Defoe wrote a book that seriously defended tolerance, he would not be accused. He turned his attack on the tyranny of the church into a semi-humorous pamphlet called Shortcuts for Dissidents, which shows that he is a rude clown, no less than a thief in prison.

Defoe was lucky because he had never been outside the British Isles. After being driven out of his birthplace, Fei Yang found a popular residence in the colony on the other side of the ocean. This is not so much because of the character of people who just moved into this land as because the new world has wider economic advantages than the old world.

England is a small island with a dense population, but most people have a foothold. If people are unwilling to implement the ancient and respectable law of "equal exchange", all businesses will terminate. However, in the United States, it is a country with incredible scope and wealth, and it is a continent where only a few farmers and workers live, so this compromise is unnecessary.

Therefore, in the small * * * production group on the coast of Massachusetts, a stable and self-proclaimed Orthodox Church has emerged, which Calvin has never seen since his happy days as police chief and supreme judge in western Switzerland.

In the ice and snow of the Charles River, people lived for the first time. This is a small group of people called "pilgrims". Pilgrims generally refer to "people who go to the holy land to express their religious piety." According to this meaning, the passengers on the may flower are not pilgrims, but British masons, tailors, rope twisters, blacksmiths and auto mechanics. They hated the Catholic teachings worshipped by others and left England in order to leave England.

They first crossed the North Sea to Holland and arrived here during the Great Depression. Our textbooks continue to describe that they decided to continue traveling because they didn't want their children to learn Dutch, otherwise they would be assimilated by this country. These simple people actually want to be American citizens and don't want to repay their kindness. That sounds impossible. In fact, they have to live in slums most of the time, and it is really difficult to make a living in an already densely populated country. It is said that the income from growing tobacco in the United States is much higher than that from combing wool in Leiden, so they set off for Virginia. Who knows, in the face of a headwind, Massa stuck the sailors on the shore, all thumbs, so they decided to stay where they were, and no longer risked taking a leaky boat in the stormy waves.

But although they escaped the danger of drowning and seasickness, they were still in danger. Most of them come from small towns in Britain and have no ability to start a life. * * * The idea of production was shattered by the cold, the enthusiasm of the city was cooled by the endless wind, and his wife and children died because there was no decent food. Only a few people survived three winters. They are kind-hearted and used to the rough and simple tolerance of their hometown. However, due to the arrival of thousands of new colonists, they were completely swallowed up. Without exception, later generations were more severe and uncompromising Puritans. For centuries, they turned Massachusetts into Geneva on the Charles River.

The Puritans struggled to make a living in a small place, which was always full of disasters. They want to find the basis of what they want to do from the Old Testament more than ever before. They made a clean break with decent society and books and realized their unique religious spirit. They think that they are descendants of Moses and Gideon, and will soon become monkeys in the West Indies. They can't talk about their hard and boring life. They can only believe that they are suffering for the only true belief, and draw the conclusion that everyone else is wrong. Anyone who implicitly says that the Puritans' behavior is not completely correct will be reviled because of their different views. They are either mercilessly whipped into the wilderness, or their ears and tongues are cut off, or they are deported, unless they are lucky enough to escape to the neighboring Swedish and Dutch colonies to hide.

This colony has made no contribution to the cause of religious freedom and tolerance. Its role is not out of its own heart, but it is not uncommon in the history of human progress. The violence of religious autocracy aroused the response of more liberal policies. After nearly two centuries of religious dictatorship, a new generation appeared. They are open and terrible enemies of all forms of religious rule. They think that the separation of church and state is necessary, and they are disgusted that their predecessors confused religion with politics.

This development process is slow, but it is a bit lucky. It was not until the hostilities between Britain and its American colonies broke out that the crisis appeared. Therefore, the people who wrote the American Constitution were either free thinkers or secret enemies of the old Calvinism, and they injected quite modern principles into this document. After verification, these principles are of great value for maintaining peace and stability in the United States.

But before that, the new world experienced an unexpected development in the field of tolerance, which was in the Catholic parish, in a place in what is now Maryland.

The protagonists of this interesting event are calvert and his son. They were originally from Flanders, but his father later moved to England and worked for the Stuart dynasty, doing a good job. They were Protestants at first, but george karl Ford, who later became the private secretary and manager of King James I, was tired of people's theological entanglement at that time and returned to the old beliefs, whether good or bad. Anyway, it's called black, black and white, and it doesn't leave the final judgment of every doctrine to a group of semi-illiterate priests.

This george karl Ford seems versatile, and his retrogression (at that time, it was a felony! ) did not make him lose the favor of the emperor's master. Instead, he was appointed Baron of Baltimore, and when he planned to build a small house for persecuted Catholics, he got help. He tried his luck in Newfoundland first, but all the residents he sent were driven out of their homes, so he applied for thousands of square miles of land in Virginia. Who knows that Virginians are stubborn Anglicans? They don't want these dangerous people as neighbors. Baltimore continued to claim the wilderness between Virginia and Dutch and Swedish territories, but died without waiting for permission. His son Cecil continued this charity. 1633- 1634 In the winter, two small boats, the Ark and the Dove, crossed the Atlantic under the command of George's brother Leonard and arrived in chesapeake bay safely in March 1634. The new country is called Maryland, named after Mary, the daughter of King Henry IV of France. Henry IV originally intended to establish an alliance of European countries, but this plan was broken by a crazy monk with a dagger. Mary became the wife of the king of England, and the king soon lost his head in the hands of the Puritans.

This immigrant area is very different. It does not cut off Indian women, and treats Catholics and Protestants equally. It had a hard few years. First of all, there are many Anglicans in the immigrant area who came to escape the tyranny of the Puritans in Massachusetts. Later, in order to escape the tyranny of the Anglican Church in Virginia, the Puritans also entered this immigrant area. These two groups are desperate and domineering, and both want to bring their "correct beliefs" into this state that has just given them living space. Since "all disputes that cause religious fanaticism" are prohibited on Maryland land, old immigrants have the right to silence Anglicans and Puritans. However, not long after the war broke out between the royalists and the Cronert Party in their hometown, Maryland people feared that no matter which side won, their past freedom would be lost. Therefore, in April of 1649, just after receiving the news that Charles I was executed, the famous Tolerance Law was passed at the direct initiative of Seville calvert. There is such a passage, which is excellent.

"Because the oppressive rule of religion over ideas often produces harmful results within its power, in order to stabilize the political power of this province and protect the friendship and unity among residents, it is hereby decided that no one shall interfere, harass and persecute all people who believe in Jesus Christ in this province on the grounds of religion or religious belief."

In a country where Jesuits are in power, the adoption of such a bill shows the outstanding political ability and extraordinary courage of the Baltimore family. This magnanimous spirit is highly praised by tourists. Later, a group of escaped Puritans overthrew the regime in Maryland, abolished the Tolerance Act and replaced it with their own Religious Act, which granted religious freedom to those who claimed to be Christians, except Catholics and Anglicans.

Fortunately, this reactionary period is not long. 1660, the Stuart faction regained power and the Baltimore faction regained the seal of Maryland.

Another attack on their policy came from the other side. Episcopalians have won a complete victory in their own country, so they insist on making their church the official religion in all immigrant areas. The calvert family continued to struggle, but they saw that it was impossible to attract new immigrants to their side. After a whole generation of struggle, the experiment was terminated.

Protestants won.

Bossy also prevailed.

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