Summary of geography compulsory unit 2

Chapter I Population Change

1 population change

1. The quantitative change of population in a region includes natural growth and mechanical growth (population migration). Among them, the decisive factor affecting population change is natural growth, while the influence of mechanical growth on population decreases with the increase of scope.

2. In terms of time, the change of world population is different in different historical periods, and it is increasing in general trend. After World War II, it entered a period of rapid growth, and the growth rate slowed down after 1970s. From a spatial point of view, it is concentrated in developed countries in Europe, North America and Oceania, with low natural population growth rate, Japan and Russia; Germany, France, Hungary and other countries even experienced negative population growth; However, the natural population growth rate of developing countries concentrated in Asia, Africa and Latin America is relatively high. Therefore, different countries and regions adopt different population policies.

3. The world population growth pattern consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate, which can be divided into three types: primitive, traditional and modern.

4. Curve ① indicates the birth rate and curve ② indicates the death rate. The population growth model represented by A is primitive, the population growth model represented by B is traditional, and the population growth model represented by C is modern. Fill in the relevant characteristics of various population growth models in the table.

5. The main factor affecting the change of population pattern is social productivity. In the process of population pattern change, the mortality rate is the first to decline.

6. Overall, the global growth model is in the transition stage from traditional to modern. On the one hand, a few developing countries, such as developed countries and China, have entered the modern mode, while most developing countries are still in the transitional stage from tradition to modernity.

2. Spatial changes of population

1. Population migration can be divided into international migration and domestic migration according to whether it crosses national boundaries or not.

2. The overall characteristics of international population migration are mainly groups and large-scale immigrants. (1)/kloc-before the 9th century, it mainly migrated to newly discovered continents, such as Europe to America and Oceania, which developed the new continent, spread industrial civilization and changed the spatial distribution of ethnic groups. ② The main characteristics of population migration after World War II are the decrease of settled immigrants and the increase of short-term floating population. The migration direction is mainly from developing countries to developed countries and large global energy bases. The main migration area is Latin America, and the main migration areas are Europe, North America, West Asia and North Africa.

3. China's population migration can be divided into two stages: ① Before 1980s, in order to develop the frontier, it was mainly policy migration. (2) After 1980s, the main feature is that the scale and frequency of population migration have increased, and the migration direction is mainly from rural areas to cities and from inland to coastal areas.

4. The main significance of China's population migration: ① regulating the spatial distribution of population; (2) regulating the surplus and shortage of talents; ③ Strengthen national integration and cultural exchange; ④ Promote economic development and narrow the regional economic gap.

5. Factors affecting population migration include natural factors, socio-economic factors, personal motives and needs. Generally speaking, the most important factor is often the economic factor.

3 Reasonable population capacity

1, ① environmental population capacity: it is the most important indicator of environmental carrying capacity, indicating the maximum population that an area can support; ② Reasonable population capacity refers to the maximum population that a region can support on the premise of sustainable development. Neither of them is sure.

2. The main factors that affect the environmental population capacity are resources, the level of science and technology, and the level of living and cultural consumption, among which the most important factor is resources, which is directly proportional to the environmental population capacity and inversely proportional to the level of living and cultural consumption.

3. The key to maintain a reasonable population capacity is to improve the quality of life and maintain the sustainable development of ecology, economy and society; For different countries and regions, the key measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity are different. Developing countries should try their best to control the population within a reasonable scale, while developed countries should establish a fair order and ensure the equal rights of most people to pursue the quality of life.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

1 urban internal spatial structure

1. The urban form is divided into groups (Chongqing), blocks (Beijing, Chengdu, Hefei, Washington), radial (Yan 'an), zonal (Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang) and so on.

2. The factors that affect the urban form are natural conditions (topography, rivers, etc.). ) and socio-economic conditions (transportation, economy, culture, history, etc. ). For example, the urban forms in plain areas are mostly blocky, while those in mountainous and hilly areas are mostly lumpy.

3. The most common functional areas in cities are mainly residential areas, commercial areas and industrial areas. There is no obvious boundary between functional areas; Each functional area may have other land use patterns; Cities of different sizes and types have different functional areas.

4. Residential area: the most extensive land use mode in the city, and the middle and high-rise residential areas develop backward. ?

5, business circle: need convenient transportation and a large number of consumers; Distribution is based on market optimization or traffic optimization; Mostly located in the city center, on both sides of traffic trunk lines or on street corners; Most of them are dots or strips.

6. Industrial zone: high degree of specialization and strong cooperation; Constantly moving to the outer edge; Distributed in areas with convenient transportation (roads, railways, rivers, etc.). )

7. The most important factors affecting the urban internal spatial structure are economic factors, such as the level of land rent (mainly depending on the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center) and the ability of various land use modes to pay rent.

8. A stands for industry, B stands for residence and C stands for commerce. The fastest change from the city center to the outer edge is business. ①-③, ② Suitable for developing residential areas, ③ Suitable for developing industrial areas and ① Suitable for developing commercial areas.

9. Representative urban regional structures include concentric circle model, sector model and multi-core model.

10, the rationality of urban planning must give consideration to ecological, economic and social benefits. For example: to have convenient traffic conditions; Coordinate the relationship between each other and reduce pollution; Set necessary protective belts; Necessary satellite city construction and so on.

2 Service functions of cities at different levels

1. The higher the city level, the more kinds of services it provides, and the higher the service level, the larger the service scope. The scope of urban services is usually not fixed and there is no clear boundary. General urban services include the city itself, surrounding small towns and vast rural areas; The service scope of provincial capital cities covers surrounding counties and even the whole province; The service scope of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities can be extended to the whole country.

2. The scale and grade of a city are related to its geographical location, and it is located in an area with abundant resources and convenient transportation, which is conducive to the improvement of the grade of a city.

3. Principles of rational urban layout: ① There are fewer high-grade cities and more low-grade cities; ② Low-level cities are distributed around high-level cities; ③ High-level cities are far apart, while low-level cities are close; (4) The service scope of different cities is nested at different levels (the service scope of high-level cities includes the service scope of low-level cities).

3 Urbanization

1, the population gathers in cities and towns, the scope of cities expands, and the process of rural to urban changes is urbanization. The main indicators of its level include the proportion of urban population, the number of urban population, the scale and area of urban land use, etc. The most important one is the proportion of urban population.

2. The main reasons for promoting urbanization are: rural areas (thrust): overpopulation (land pressure), frequent and serious natural disasters, low income and shortage of social services; City (Larry): There are many employment opportunities, high social welfare guarantee, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation.

3. In developed countries, urbanization started early, with a high level of urbanization (a large proportion of urban population) and a slow development speed. It has entered the late stage of urbanization, and many anti-urbanization phenomena have appeared, resulting in many satellite cities.

4. The urbanization in developing countries started late, the urbanization level is low (the proportion of urban population is small), the development speed is fast, and it has entered the middle stage of urbanization, and the phenomenon of suburban urbanization often appears, which leads to the continuous expansion of urban scale and area.

5. Urbanization affects the geographical environment in many ways, that is, it can improve the environment, such as leveling the land, building water conservancy facilities and greening the environment. , but also can destroy the environment, causing environmental pollution problems (air pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, electromagnetic radiation pollution, etc. ) and ecological damage problems (such as loss of biodiversity). In addition, it can also produce bad traffic and living conditions, outstanding unemployment and employment problems, and social problems.

6, the main countermeasures to solve the problem of urbanization (building an ecological city):

① Develop energy-saving buildings and green transportation to reduce environmental pollution.

(2) Keep the harmony between the city and the natural environment and establish a virtuous circle. For example:

A. Urbanization should be compatible with economic and social development and coordinated with environmental protection.

B control the scale of big cities, decentralize functions, build new urban areas and build satellite cities.

C. plan the city rationally and handle the relationship between the functional areas of the city.

D. Improve greening

E. Other measures: carry out reasonable traffic transformation and housing transformation, strengthen social order management, and rationally adjust industrial structure.

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

1 location choice of agriculture

1. Location conditions affecting agriculture:

Natural factors: topography, climate, soil, water source.

Socio-economic factors: transportation, market, labor force, machinery (industrial base), policy,

Scientific and historical reasons (production habits)

2. The essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land. The location factors affecting agriculture are constantly changing, the natural conditions are relatively stable, and the socio-economic conditions are more likely to change.

3. Main agricultural regional types: ① Agricultural regional types dominated by planting: monsoon paddy field agriculture; Commodity grain agriculture. (2) The type of agricultural region dominated by animal husbandry: pasture grazing; Dairy industry. (3) The type of agricultural region where planting and animal husbandry coexist: mixed agriculture.

(2) Agricultural regional types mainly based on planting.

1. Mixed agriculture is an agricultural regional type with simultaneous development of planting and animal husbandry. For example, the Murray-Darling Basin in southeastern Australia is a mixed agricultural area with wheat planting and sheep raising as the main industries. Main features: ① It can form a benign ecosystem; ② High time utilization efficiency; ③ Strong adaptability to the market.

2. Monsoon paddy field agriculture is mainly distributed in the Asian monsoon region (East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia), mainly planting rice. Its basic characteristics are: ① labor-intensive agriculture; (2) Small-scale agriculture (taking the family as the production unit); ③ The output per unit area is high, but the commodity rate is relatively low; ④ The level of mechanization and science and technology is relatively low (except Japan); ⑤ Large amount of water conservancy projects (government investment is needed to control flood and drought disasters).

3. Commodity grain agriculture is mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia and Ukraine. (all of them are mainly family-run), and they are also distributed in the northeast and northwest (mainly state-owned). Commodity grain agriculture is a typical commodity agriculture with wheat and corn as the main crops. The main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture are: ① large production scale; ② High mechanization level and ③ high commodity rate.

Three types of agricultural regions dominated by animal husbandry

1. Ranch grazing belongs to animal husbandry, mainly distributed in the United States and Argentina, which mainly raise cattle, and Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, which mainly raise sheep. The main characteristics of ranch animal husbandry are: ① marketization (high commodity rate); ② Large production scale; ③ High degree of specialization.

2. Dairy industry belongs to animal husbandry, mainly cows, producing milk and related products. Dairy farmers should be located in the Great Lakes of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other economically developed areas. Because dairy products are not easy to store and transport, their layout must be close to the consumer market, so they are mostly distributed in the suburbs of big cities. The main characteristics of dairy industry are: ① facing the urban market; ② Commercialization; 3 intensive.

Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

1 industrial location factors and location selection

1. Location conditions affecting the industry: ① Natural conditions: land (topography; Rent), water source. ② Socio-economic conditions: market, transportation, labor force, raw materials, power, policies, science and technology, and agricultural foundation.

2. From the perspective of economic benefits: ① Sugar production from sugarcane or beet, aquatic product processing and canned fruit manufacturing belong to raw material-oriented industries; (2) food, bottled drinks manufacturing (beer, soda), furniture manufacturing, printing, petrochemical industry, etc. They are all market-oriented industries; (3) Non-ferrous metal smelting (aluminum, copper, nickel, tin ...) is a power-oriented industry; Clothing, electronic assembly, belt wrapping, umbrella making, shoe making and garment factories are labor-intensive industries; ⑤ Satellites, airplanes, integrated circuits and precision instruments are technology-oriented industries.

3. From the perspective of environmental benefits, high-tech products, food and other enterprises are very sensitive to the environment, and should take high-quality environment as the leading location factor. ① The industries that cause air pollution should be located in the downwind area of perennial prevailing wind in residential areas, the upwind area of minimum wind frequency, and the suburbs perpendicular to the monsoon direction; (2) In industries that cause water pollution, the sewage outlets are far away from the upper reaches of rivers; ③ Industries that cause solid waste pollution are far away from residential areas and farmland.

4. Phenomena under the influence of social factors such as national policies, enterprise decision makers' thoughts and psychological factors: ① Before 1980s, China built a large-scale industrial base in the mainland, and built a number of textile industrial centers in some non-textile raw material producing areas, consumption-intensive areas and economically underdeveloped areas in the west; (2) With the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, the economy of coastal areas has developed rapidly; (3) narrowing the economic gap between the east and the west and vigorously promoting the industrial development in the mainland; In recent years, many compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao and overseas Chinese have invested in China.

5. In the development of modern industry, due to the development of science and technology (refrigeration technology) and transportation, the influence of raw materials on industrial location is gradually weakened, and the influence of market on industrial location is gradually strengthened; (2) Important hubs and trunk lines are still attractive to industries, but due to the improvement of traffic in some developed countries, traffic is no longer listed as the main location factor of industrial layout; (3) The accessibility of information communication network has more and more prominent influence on the industry; ④ The demand for the quality of labor force is getting higher and higher.

2 the formation of industrial zones

1. Type of industrial association: ① Industrial association in the process, that is, there is a supply relationship between products and raw materials among different industries; (2) Industrial connection in space utilization, that is, industrial enterprises without production technology connection can also be located in the same area, such as many economic and technological development zones in China, because they need to be influenced by various infrastructure, service facilities and cheap labor; ③ Information contact, etc.

2. Formation of industrial region: industrial connection → industrial agglomeration → industrial region. Industrial agglomeration can be formed spontaneously or through planning.

3. The role of industrial agglomeration: ① Strengthening information exchange and technical cooperation among enterprises; ② Reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products; (3) Reduce production costs, improve production efficiency and profits, and realize economies of scale; (4) * * * Use infrastructure to save investment in production and construction.

4. Highly developed industrial zones, such as iron and steel industrial zone (Anshan), petrochemical industrial zone (anniversary), automobile industrial zone (Shiyan) and machinery manufacturing industrial zone. It has the following characteristics: ① there are many cooperative enterprises and the labor-capital relationship is complicated; ② The production scale is large, and it covers a wide area.

5. Industrial areas with low development level, such as food industry (flour mill, pastry factory, candy factory), etc. It has the following characteristics: ① mainly using local natural resources and agricultural products to develop primary processing industry; (2) few factories and simple industrial links; (3) The production scale is small and the floor space is small.

6. The industries that need decentralized layout are mainly transportation and communication, which are common in developed countries and easy to form multinational companies. Common scattered industries mainly include high-tech industries with "light, short and expensive" products (such as electronics industry) and complex product manufacturers with complex structures and many parts (such as automobile industry).

3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones

1, Ruhr-gebiet, the industrial zone in the middle of Britain, the industrial zone in the northeast of the United States (Great Lakes Industrial Zone) and the industrial zone in central and southern Liaoning of China all belong to traditional industrial zones. Their main features are as follows: (1) They are located near rich raw materials and fuel bases such as coal and iron ore; (2) Traditional industries such as coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and textile are the main industries; (3) Take large enterprises as the core.

2. The current development of traditional industrial areas: (1) The consumption of raw materials and energy is large, the transportation volume is large, and the pollution is serious; (2) It began to decline in the 1970s, and it is in urgent need of transformation.

3. Ruhr-gebiet, Germany: (1) Main location conditions: ① rich coal resources (less iron ore, which needs to be imported from France and Sweden); (2) abundant water sources; ③ Convenient transportation; ④ Broad market. (2) Reasons for decline: ① The production structure is too simple; (2) The status of coal has declined; (3) the world steel surplus; (4) The influence of the new technological revolution. (3) Remediation measures: ① Adjusting the industrial structure; ② Developing the tertiary industry; ③ Adjust the industrial layout; ④ Improve the traffic network; ⑤ Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment.

4. Basic characteristics of the new industrial zone: (1) Time is new: it appeared after World War II; (2) Regional innovation: formed in rural areas without traditional industrial base; (3) New form: mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; (4) New sectors: mainly export-oriented light industry or high-tech electronics industry. There are two main types of new industrial zones: (1) emerging industries, that is, industrial zones dominated by high-tech industries, such as Silicon Valley in the United States, Munich in Germany, Kyushu Island in Japan, Scotland in Britain, Novosibirsk in Russia, etc. (2) Export-oriented industrial zones with export-oriented light industry, such as Sassuolo and Prato in Italy.

5. Italian industrial community model: centering on a commercial activity, it has a relatively stable cooperative relationship and production, supply and marketing system. Basic characteristics: ① Mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; ② Mainly light industry; ③ A large number of similar or related enterprises are concentrated; ④ Production is highly specialized; ⑤ Enterprises are located in small cities and even rural areas, and the production process is scattered.

6. U.S. Silicon Valley Electronic Industry Zone: (1) Advantages: science and technology, environment and transportation. (2) Main advantages: ① Excellent geographical location and beautiful environment; ② The climate is pleasant; (3) Centralized institutions of higher learning, advanced science and technology, and concentrated talents; ④ Convenient transportation; ⑤ Stable market (military order of the US Department of Defense); ⑥ Innovative environment and culture. (3) Main features: ① Employees have high-level knowledge and skills; ② The growth rate is faster than that of traditional industries, and the product upgrading cycle is shorter; ③ R&D expenses account for a high proportion of sales; ④ The products are oriented to the world market.

Chapter V Traffic Layout and Its Influence

1 mode of transportation and layout

1. Advantages and disadvantages of main modes of transportation: ① Railway: the most important mode, with large capacity, suitable for long-distance transportation; ② Highway: it is the most widely used, flexible, adaptable to natural conditions and suitable for short-distance transportation; ③ Waterway: large volume, low cost and slow speed; ④ Aviation: fast speed, small size and high freight; ⑤ Pipeline: means of transport and lines are integrated, with large transport capacity and strong continuity.

2. The development trend of modern transportation: high speed, large scale and specialization.

3. Main transportation facilities: ports, stations and airports;

Main linear transportation facilities: railways, highways and waterways.

4. Factors affecting the layout of transportation network: ① Natural conditions: location, topography, climate, rivers, etc. ② Socio-economic conditions: economic level, technical conditions and social factors.

2 the impact of changes in traffic layout

1, the spatial form of settlements often expands along the traffic trunk line, making the traffic trunk line the main development axis of settlements, such as Zhuzhou and Tsukuba; The rise and fall of traffic lines (the change of traffic mode, highway route, the extension and change of river channel) will cause the change of settlement spatial form, such as Jiaxing.

2. The mountainous terrain is undulating, the traffic lines are sparse and single, and the density of commercial outlets is small; The plain is small in topography, with dense and diverse traffic lines and high density of commercial outlets.

3. There are two main situations in the layout of urban commercial center and commercial community: ① Taking traffic as the optimal principle, close to traffic trunk lines (urban trunk roads and road intersections, urban ring road edges, along expressways, etc.). ); ② Take the market as the optimal principle, close to the geometric center of cities and residential areas.

Chapter VI Coordinated Development of Humanities and Geographical Environment

1 the evolution of man-land relationship thought

1, the evolution of man-land relationship:

Worship nature (primitive period) → transform nature (agricultural period) → conquer nature (industrial period) → harmony between man and land (that is, the coordination of population, resources, environment and development) (now)

2. Human beings constantly obtain material and energy from the environment through production activities; Through metabolism and consumption activities, human beings constantly discharge waste and energy into the environment; People's attitudes and behaviors towards the environment will get different responses from the environment (feedback from the environment).

3. The speed at which human beings ask for resources from the environment exceeds the regeneration speed of resources themselves and their substitutes, which will cause problems such as resource shortage and ecological destruction; The amount of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, which will cause environmental pollution and other problems.

4. Environmental problems are mainly divided into environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Judging from its distribution, ① environmental pollution is dominant in cities and ecological destruction is dominant in villages; (2) Environmental pollution is a major problem in developed countries, while in developing countries, due to the dual pressures of population and development and the transfer of many heavily polluting industries from developed countries to developing countries, environmental pollution and ecological damage are serious.

5. The root of environmental problems is one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, ignoring ecological benefits and social benefits, that is, the essence of environmental problems is development.

6. Connotation of sustainable development: ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability, in which ecological sustainability is the foundation, economic sustainability is the condition and social sustainability is the goal.

7. Principles of sustainable development: fairness principle, sustainability principle and * * * same sex principle.

2 China's sustainable development practice

1. The main reasons for China's sustainable development are as follows: ① the population base is large, the annual net increase of population is large, and the population quality is relatively low; (2) Low efficiency of resource utilization, serious waste and destruction, and relative shortage of resources; (3) Various environmental problems are increasing.

2. The most important way to implement sustainable development is to develop circular economy, and its basic principles are: reducing resource input, reusing resources and recycling waste.

3. The key to realize circular economy: industrial clean production, agricultural ecological agriculture and moderate consumption in daily life.