South Vietnamese politics

Because Nanyue State was established on the basis of Nanhai, Guilin and Xiang Jun in Qin Dynasty, and Zhao Tuo, the founding monarch of Nanyue State, was also the commander-in-chief of Nanhai County in Qin Dynasty, most political systems of Nanyue State followed the Qin Dynasty. Later, because the minister belonged to the Han Dynasty, the political system of the Han Dynasty also had a great influence on South Vietnam.

The administrative system of South Vietnam followed the county system of the Qin Dynasty, and at the same time enfeoffed some vassals as independent countries, forming an administrative system basically similar to the county system and enfeoffment system of the Western Han Dynasty. In the county system, Zhao Tuo has retained most of the county settings in the Qin Dynasty, and at the same time, in order to strengthen effective rule, some counties have been added. In terms of enfeoffment system, according to literature records, there are Cangwu Wang, Gao Changhou and so on.

South Vietnam's official system can be divided into central official system and local official system, which is a big official system. In the central official system, there are the literature and history of the prime minister, the assistant to the prime minister, the censor's suggestion, the deputy commander in command of the imperial army, Fu who assists the king, and other important officials who control the internal affairs and diplomacy of South Vietnam, including Lang, Chinese medicine, general, general Zuo, a captain, grain official, Jing Xiang Ling, private government, private official, Yuefu, Thai official, bedroom, chef, etc. In the local official system, there are false guards, county supervisors, envoys, county magistrates and misers.

South Vietnam has other political systems similar to the Central Plains regime, such as the household registration system, the chronology system, the system of using Chinese characters and the Central Plains weights and measures, and the pre-established prince system. These systems from the Central Plains played an important role in governing South Vietnam and changing the original situation in South Vietnam. The shovel unearthed from the No.1 tomb in Radish Bay is used to turn over the soil. During the Warring States period, although there were agricultural production such as rice planting in Lingnan area, the tools used for agricultural production were mostly stone tools and simple bronzes. Compared with the Central Plains where ironware is widely used, the level of agricultural production is relatively backward. After Qin Shihuang conquered Lingnan, he stationed 500,000 troops in Lingnan, and a large number of immigrants moved from the Central Plains. These immigrants brought ironware from the Central Plains to the south, developed agricultural production technology and improved the agricultural production level in Lingnan.

Zhao Tuo, the founding monarch of Qin Jun, still attached importance to the development of agriculture after the establishment of Nanyue State, promoted the use of advanced agricultural production technology in the Central Plains, and set up Guanshi on the border with Changsha State. Through Changsha, iron farm tools and livestock such as horses, cows and sheep were introduced from the Central Plains for agricultural production. At the same time, although Lv Hou imposed an economic blockade on South Vietnam during the Han Dynasty, after Lv Hou's death, the trade between the Central Plains and South Vietnam was quickly restored until the demise of South Vietnam.

Iron farm tools unearthed from Nanyue tombs mainly include hoes, hoes, hoes, sickles, axes, hoes, hand shovels, files, cones, scrapers, hammers and chisels. Among them, hoe is the most commonly used agricultural tool, which is mainly used to remove weeds and loosen soil during farming. Praseodymium is a powerful agricultural tool to dig deep into the land, mainly used for land reclamation and digging crop roots. In addition, the iron sickle was used to harvest crops and the iron axe was used to cut down forests. The extensive use of iron farm tools promoted the agricultural development in South Vietnam. However, due to the lack of iron ore resources and underdeveloped iron smelting industry in Nanyue, these iron farm tools mainly rely on the input from the Central Plains, so the penetration rate of iron farm tools in Nanyue is still relatively low, mainly concentrated in the surrounding areas of Nanyue capital and county government, while in some places far away from county government, stone farm tools and bronze farm tools are still used.

One of the wine vessels unearthed from Nanyue King's Tomb, Qingbaiyujiao Cup, mainly includes rice, millet, millet, glutinous rice, glutinous rice, hemp seed and so on. The unearthed fruits and vegetables mainly include oranges, peaches, plums, lychees, olives, noodles, melons, papayas, cucumbers, gourds and ginger. Among them, rice is the main food crop of Guyue people and the most common food crop in South Vietnam, which is very suitable for the growing environment with high temperature, rainy and abundant water resources in Lingnan area. Litchi is a unique fruit in Lingnan. According to Liu Xin's Miscellanies of Xijing in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo once gave litchi as a tribute to Liu Bang. Many wine containers were also unearthed in the tombs of South Vietnam, indicating that South Vietnam had mature wine-making technology at that time.

Livestock remains unearthed from Nanyue Tomb mainly include pigs, cows, sheep and chickens. The unearthed wildlife remains mainly include sparrows, bamboo rats and so on. In particular, sparrows are the main ingredients of a famous dish in Guangdong. In addition, a large number of aquatic products, including fresh water and seawater products of fish, turtles and various shellfish, were unearthed in Nanyue tombs. According to archaeological excavations, the Lingnan area began to use bronzes in the Spring and Autumn Period at the latest, and mastered the original bronze casting technology, but the application of bronzes was not extensive at that time. After Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan and Zhao Tuo established Nanyue State, the bronze casting technology from the Central Plains greatly developed the smelting and casting industry in Lingnan area, and the types and quantities of bronzes were very rich. More than 500 pieces and 200 pieces of bronzes were unearthed in Nanyue King's Tomb and Radish Bay No.1 Tomb alone. Among these bronzes, except some weapons and daily utensils imported from the Central Plains, a large part were cast by Nanyue State itself, mainly including copper hooks, Yue-style copper ding, copper pails, copper fuming stoves, copper drums, copper pots, copper stoves, copper cymbals, copper chimes, copper chimes, bamboo drums, copper horn bells and so on. Some bronzes are huge, with thin side walls and complex patterns.

After Qin Shihuang unified Lingnan, a large number of ironware appeared in Lingnan. During the period of Nanyue State, the use of ironware was very common, and as many as 246 pieces of ironware were unearthed in the tomb of Nanyue King alone. The ironware unearthed from the tombs of Nanyue mainly includes farm tools, handicraft tools, weapons, household appliances and so on, and there are many kinds. However, due to the lack of iron ore resources during the period of Nanyue State, the scale of iron smelting in Nanyue State itself was very limited. Iron was mainly imported from the Central Plains, and the raw materials for iron smelting were also mainly imported from the Central Plains, or forged with scrap iron.

Among the tombs of Nanyue State, pottery is the most unearthed object, and as many as 99 1 piece of pottery was unearthed in the tomb of Nanyue King alone. The pottery unearthed from Nanyue tombs mainly includes containers, cookers and other daily necessities and burial utensils, as well as some bricks and tiles for building. These pottery are mostly produced in South Vietnam, mostly geometric printed pottery in South Vietnam style.

South Vietnam's jade manufacturing industry is also quite developed, with 244 pieces of jade unearthed from the tomb of the king of South Vietnam. These jades are mainly divided into four categories, including jade for etiquette, jade for funeral, jade for decoration, jade for utensils and so on. They are rich in variety and diverse in use. Among them, the fine products mainly include silk thread jade clothes, blue and white jade horn cups, Gao Zubei bearing plates, jade jade, jade belt hooks combining dragon and tiger, dragon and phoenix patterns in Yu Pei, heavy rings and so on. Most of these exquisite jade articles are made by craftsmen in South Vietnam, and a large part of jade materials are imported besides those produced by South Vietnam itself.

In addition to the above handicrafts, South Vietnam's gold and silver smelting and casting industry, textile industry and lacquer wood manufacturing industry have also made great progress. The representative works of gold and silver unearthed from the tomb of Nanyue King include the golden seal of "Emperor Wenxing Xi" dragon button, the golden seal of "Prince" turtle button, the golden hook with tiger head and jade dragon, and the golden belt hook. The representative works of lacquerware unearthed include lacquer wood large screen.

The weaving raw materials of South Vietnam textile industry are mainly silk and hemp. In the tomb of Wang Wen in South Vietnam, silk accounts for the vast majority. According to the texture of silk, it can be subdivided into silk, yarn, brocade and so on. Judging from a large number of carbonized silk products and printing and dyeing tools unearthed from the tomb of Wang Wen in South Vietnam, as well as loom accessories unearthed from the No.1 tomb in Radish Bay, most of the textiles in South Vietnam should be woven locally, and the textile industry has a certain scale. Moreover, the weaving process is quite high, and it can produce ultra-fine yarns with warp and weft density of 320×80 yarns/cm2, and thick silk fabrics with crepe and other surfaces covered with crepe. Two bronze printing relief plates were unearthed from the tomb of the king of Nanyue, indicating that the printing technology was mature at that time. The unearthed vermilion dyed silk and black oil silk coated with black oil for rain protection show that a variety of painting and dyeing processes have been mastered at that time. In addition, calendering technology and embroidery technology can also be seen in some unearthed fabrics.

The large-scale development of shipbuilding industry in Lingnan area began in Qin Dynasty. The site of the Qin and Han shipyards discovered on Zhongshan 4th Road in Guangzhou was built when Lingnan was established in the Qin Dynasty, and it was not abandoned until the late reign of Zhao Tuo, the first monarch of South Vietnam, and there should be more than one shipyard in South Vietnam. In the ruins of the Qin and Han shipyards, * * * tried to dig up three shipyards. According to calculation, these shipyards can build ships with a length of 20 meters, a width of 5 meters and a load of 20 to 30 tons. Iron tools such as shovels, chisels and nails are used in this workshop. Wood used in shipbuilding mainly includes lattice wood, camphor wood and Chinese fir. Shipbuilding is mainly assembled by tenon-and-tenon method, and connected by wooden nails, bamboo nails, copper nails or iron nails. Ships made in South Vietnam have been used in military, fishery, transportation, entertainment, commerce and other aspects. Before the Qin Dynasty, the commodity economy in Lingnan area was basically in the primitive state of barter, and did not enter the stage of monetary economy. After the Qin Dynasty pacified Lingnan, a large number of Han people who moved south brought the developed trade mode of the Central Plains, and Lingnan area began to gradually enter the era of monetary economy. After the founding of Nanyue State, emperors of all dynasties paid attention to business dealings with neighboring countries, especially with the Han Dynasty. 196 years ago, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Nanyue State and Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo set up Guanshi at the junction of Nanyue State and Changsha State, imported iron, copper and livestock from the Central Plains, introduced advanced technology from the Central Plains, and exported white jade, pearls, tortoise shells, rhinoceros horns, corals, lychees and other local products produced by Nanyue State to the Central Plains. The currency of South Vietnam is also imported from the Central Plains, and there is no currency made by itself. These currencies were mainly "half cents" in Qin and Han Dynasties. South Vietnam also has close business contacts with neighboring countries such as Fujian, Vietnam and Yelang. During the bad relationship between Lv Hou and South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo obtained the ownership or support of Fujian, Vietnam, Yelang, Ou and Luoyue in the form of property.

In addition to land trade, South Vietnam's maritime trade has also developed greatly. According to the archaeological excavation of the site of Qin and Han Shipyards located in Zhongshan 4th Road, Guangzhou, Panyu, the capital at that time, had the capacity to produce a large number of inland and coastal ships. At that time, the people of South Vietnam had opened up commercial and trade routes with Southeast Asian and South Asian countries through the South China Sea, which was later called the Maritime Silk Road. In the ruins of Nanyue King's Tomb, some exotic goods from Southeast Asia and South Asia were also found, including silver boxes, ivory, golden flower ornaments and frankincense.