The process of humans getting out of caves, building houses and settling down is fast~

About 65 million years ago, a meteorite about 16 kilometers wide hit the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico today, causing a huge disaster. At that time, two-thirds of the animals on the earth, including dinosaurs, were destroyed. Species became extinct, and the golden age of reptiles ended. Primitive mammals escaped disaster and survived for a long time, and then evolved rapidly. About 50 million years ago, primates evolved rapidly in a radial pattern, starting from lower primates. Among the animal-like prosimians (such as lemurs and tarsiers), higher primates (i.e., apes, such as macaques, golden monkeys, baboons and apes) have also differentiated. Note: The Chinese "Aopithecus" is older than the early higher primates The animal apes are even older, and they basically belong to the early prosimians. In other words, the so-called "Aeopithecus" is actually a monkey, and there is no origin of human beings at all. If "Aeopithecus" is the origin of monkeys, it is almost the same. About 25 million. Years ago, monkeys began to evolve into apes, and primitive apes appeared and gradually separated from monkeys. At this time, they did not yet belong to the category of humans to be precise. Ancient apes first appeared in southern eastern Africa, and gradually evolved from primitive apes. Evolved and differentiated into: lower great apes (such as gibbons), higher great apes (such as orangutans), ancient apes, etc. About 12 million years ago, crustal movement formed a Great Rift Valley on the land of eastern Africa. The formation of two independent animal systems divided Africa into the East and the West. The barrier of the Great Rift Valley became the key to the separation of humans and apes. The west of the Rift Valley is still dense and moist bushes. In order for the apes to adapt to the environment that has not changed much, They do not need to make much changes to coordinate, which is destined to remain in the ape stage, such as gorillas.

To the east of the Great Rift Valley, due to changes in the earth's crust, rainfall gradually decreased, woodlands disappeared and grasslands appeared, and most of the ancestral groups that are the ancestors of today's apes became extinct. A small number of apes that were accustomed to climbing adapted to the new environment. environment, learned to move on the ground and live in an open environment, forming a unique evolutionary model and avoiding the crisis of extinction. About 6 million years ago, a large-scale spirit appeared that could barely stand on the ground with both hands. Long animal ----- Australopithecus, because it is only distributed in the southern part of the African continent, so it is called Australopithecus. 1). Australopithecus (australopithecines) About 6 million years ago, the earliest human ancestor recognized in modern times, that is The origin of human beings. It first appeared in the southern part of the African continent and was the earliest hominin. After that, primitive humans gradually separated from apes. 3). Homo habilis (Homohabilis) about 1.5 million to 2.5 million years ago, among which Australopithecus apes A group evolved into Homo habilis, which first appeared on the east coast of Africa. Homo habilis means people who can make tools, also known as early apes. They are the earliest animals of the genus Homo. The Paleolithic Age began and then evolved over hundreds of thousands of years. , Homo habilis eventually died out after being replaced by a new species of human: Homo erectus. Homo habilis and its descendants Homo erectus existed for a period of time. 4). Homo erectus (Homoerectus) was about 200,000 to 2 million years old, the earliest Appeared in Africa, the so-called late ape man, knew how to use fire, and began to use symbols and basic language. About 1 million years ago, the Ice Age came, Africa began to steppe, and Homo erectus had to start migrating and expanding to all parts of the world. They are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa (Homo heidelbergensis, melanogaster man and Peking man all belong to Homo erectus). Note: At this time, humans walked out of Africa for the first time. About 800,000 years ago, Homo erectus came to what is now Spain and became the earliest Europeans. About 200,000 years ago, Homo erectus in Europe, Asia and Africa gradually disappeared and was replaced by a new species of human from Africa: Homo sapiens. 5). Homo sapiens (Homosapiens) Early Homo sapiens (early Homosapiens) About 30,000 to 250,000 years ago , the Middle Paleolithic. Originated in Africa, and then expanded to the low and middle latitudes of Europe, Asia and Africa (except the Americas). This is the second time humans have left Africa. (Dali people, Maba people, Dingcun people, Xujiayao people, Nepalese people (All Homo sapiens are early Homo sapiens). After Homo erectus left Africa, Homo heidelbergensis evolved into Homo heidelbergensis in Europe about 600,000 years ago, and Homo heidelbergensis evolved into Neanderthals about 300,000 years ago, mainly distributed in Europe. and the Middle and Near East. The Neanderthals who independently evolved into early Homo sapiens later encountered the early Homo sapiens who came out of Africa for the second time and the late Homo sapiens who came out of Africa for the third time. They coexisted with each other for a period of time. As the first The arrival of late Homo sapiens who came out of Africa three times caused early Homo sapiens (including the early Homo sapiens who came out of Africa for the second time and the Neanderthals who independently evolved into early Homo sapiens) to fail in the competition for survival. After that, about 60,000 Years ago, with the advent of the Ice Age, the living environment became increasingly difficult. Finally, about 30,000 years ago, all early Homo sapiens were eliminated and became extinct. The ancestors of modern humans (Shangding Cave Man, Hetao Man, Liujiang Man, Qilinshan Man, and Zhiyu Man are all late Homo sapiens). Later, they expanded to the five continents of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the United States, including high latitudes. This was the third time that humans left Africa. At this time, art appeared. Artificial fire could be made. Matriarchal clan communes. The Late Paleolithic. It was also the period when the four major human races in the world (yellow, white, black, and brown) were formed. During this period, mammoths and saber-toothed tigers became extinct. Attached 1). In 1987, based on relevant mitochondrial DNA research, the famous "Eve hypothesis" was proposed, that is, the mitochondria of all people on earth today are inherited from the same woman in Africa about 200,000 years ago, and her descendants About 130,000 years ago, they left Africa and arrived in Eurasia. In 1990, research on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) found that women have the same mitochondrial DNA regardless of black, red, yellow, or white people. This proves that modern humans come from a completely different ancestor of Homo sapiens, which was determined based on archaeological molecular biology calculations. , was a woman in Africa; later, based on the comprehensive study of female mitochondrial DNA, male Y chromosome genes and ape DNA, it was estimated that the more scientifically credible time when the ancestors of human beings and Homo sapiens appeared was about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. ; Reproduction path: Africa--->Asia--->Europe-->America. Note: DNA only exists in mitochondria in the cytoplasm. During fertilization, because the egg cell contains a large number of mitochondria and the sperm contains very little, Mitochondria in individual cells can therefore be considered to come only from the mother. Mitochondrial DNA can be used to study maternal inheritance.

Attachment 2). In 1997, based on mitochondrial DNA research and analysis, it was confirmed that Neanderthals do not belong to the evolutionary path of modern humans. In other words, Neanderthals are another branch of humans and have nothing to do with the ancestors of existing humans. About 30,000 years ago, the human branch Neanderthals was eliminated by a new species of human from Africa: late Homo sapiens and eventually completely disappeared. Appendix 3). Genetic Y-chromosome research proves that modern humans in East Asia have* **The same African origin. About 50,000 years ago, the first group of Homo sapiens to leave Africa entered southern East Asia, and then gradually migrated northward in the next tens of thousands of years as the Ice Age in East Asia gradually ended. Entering the East Asian continent, spreading throughout mainland China and reaching Siberia in the north. That is to say: the ancestors of the Chinese entered southern China from Southeast Asia, and then crossed the Yangtze River and entered the northern region. Another group of African Homo sapiens gradually entered the Pacific Islands from Southeast Asia eastward. Then, about 8,500 years ago, China's Yangshao Culture and Hemudu Culture sprouted. Matriarchal clan commune. Early Neolithic Age. The Legend of the Three Emperors of China. About 5,000 years ago, patrilineal clan commune. Late Neolithic Age. The Legend of the Five Emperors of China. The pyramids of Egypt appeared. About 4,000 years ago, the first dynasty in Chinese history appeared. ——Xia Note: The Y chromosome is the sex chromosome among the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. It is exclusive to males, so the transmission method can only be from father to son. It can be used to study paternal inheritance, such as the inheritance of surnames. Attachment 4). In 2003, US and British scientists conducted a comparative analysis of the genes of Siberians and American Indians and showed that: 1). 90% of Central American Indians and 50% of North American Indians come from the same father. Reproduction path: Siberia, Northeast Asia-->land bridge through the Bering Strait-->Alaska. At this time, among a group of Siberians from Northeast Asia, one of the Siberian men happened to have a change in the Y chromosome of his reproductive cells, named " M242", which probably occurred 18,000 years ago (this was the middle and end of the latest ice age, when the sea level moved down, making the Bering Strait connecting Siberia and Alaska passable). In other words: Siberia, the ancestor of the American Indians Man first entered the Americas no earlier than 18,000 years ago. Only the descendants of this man survived and reproduced. Later, their descendants slowly migrated south. 2). Soon thereafter, hundreds or thousands of years later, another group of Northeast Asians also came to Alaska, and their descendants multiplied to form the other half of the American Indians; but for some reason they stopped in North America and did not continue to the south. Migrate. Appendix 5). Central Asia is the region with the highest genetic diversity among Eurasian populations. Among all Eurasian human groups that have been studied, the Central Asian group is the oldest human group on the Eurasian continent and has the highest genetic diversity, especially the Uzbek group. The Central Asian region is the home of Siberia, the Americas, and parts of Europe. Ancestors of the group. This area is the origin of two major migration waves. After Central Asian human groups migrated north to Siberia, one migrated east to the Americas, and the other migrated west to Europe. The current human groups in Europe are basically in the old It consists of two periods: the Late Stone Age (about 45,000 years ago) and the Early Neolithic (about 10,000 years ago). Appendix 6). Regarding the multi-regional evolution theory advocated by China. The so-called multi-region evolution theory means: since 2 million After Homo erectus expanded from Africa to other continents in the world many years ago, they independently evolved into modern Africans, Asians, Oceanians and Europeans. During this period, there was some genetic exchange between regions. For China, it means: After East African Homo erectus entered China, Chinese ancient humans evolved continuously, with a small amount of hybridization with overseas populations. That is: Peking Man (Homo erectus) (basically evolved independently) → Early Peking Man Human (basically evolved independently) → modern human (modern Chinese). That is: Peking Man is Homo erectus from Africa, but it was not followed by the early Homo sapiens who came out of Africa for the second time and the late Homo sapiens who came out of Africa for the third time. Human beings were eliminated and replaced, but they survived and evolved independently, and finally evolved into modern Chinese. However, the current results of human archeology and modern genetic research show that early Homo sapiens in China were extinct and were replaced by late Homo sapiens. The fact that immigrants completely replaced them. The most important archaeological fossil evidence is that there are fossil faults between 40,000 and 100,000 years ago in East Asia (including China). The fault time is roughly consistent with the Quaternary Ice Age. In other words, due to the existence of the most recent ice age (about 75,000 years ago), early Homo sapiens in China had a large-scale volcanic eruption on Sumatra. This volcanic eruption caused global damage about 67,000 years ago. Entering the Ice Age), making it difficult for most biological species in East Asia, including China, to survive due to the harsh climate during this period. Therefore, the ancestors of modern Chinese people are late Homo sapiens from Africa, who entered China from south to north via Southeast Asia during the middle and late Ice Age.

The theory of human origins that the Chinese are natives has no factual basis. In other words, the caveman in Beijing was not a local at all, but an immigrant foreigner who came all the way from Africa. Appendix 7). Special case: About Analysis of mitochondrial DNA extracted from 60,000-year-old Australian human remains found that it is genetically unrelated to ancient DNA found in other parts of the world from early modern humans thought to have originated in Africa. This shows that the evolutionary route of early modern humans who appeared in Australia did not come from Africa. Note: Living Homo sapiens are divided into four major human races. The Chinese, East Asians and American Indians belong to the yellow race, also known as the Mongoloid race; Europe, North Africa and South Asia are white people (European race); Africa is black people; Australia is brown people (Australian race). Appendix 8). Human beings did not leave Africa just once. At least some people (Homo erectus) left Africa between 400,000 and 800,000 years ago. Based on mitochondrial and Y chromosome estimates, most humans (Homo sapiens) left Africa between 80,000 and 150,000 years ago. After that, there were several trends of people returning to Africa (possibly due to the impact of the global ice age). Later, it expanded further (with the end of the Ice Age and the influence of the gradual warming of the climate). Subsequently, batches of late Homo sapiens who came out of Africa merged with each other to form the modern world population. Appendix 9). The population was about 1 million years ago, and the total global population was about 500,000. About 70,000 years ago, during the recent Ice Age, due to the harsh environment and difficulty in survival, the population dropped to only about 20,000 to 30,000 people. About 70,000 years ago. 11,000 years ago, the Ice Age ended and the climate warmed up. During the flood era of Noah's Ark, the total global population was about 1 million. About 50,000 years ago, the total global population was about 3 million. About 10,000 years ago, the total global population was about 5 million. About 7,000 years ago, the total global population was about 30 million. About 3,000 years ago, the total global population was about 100 million. Note: With the discovery of more human fossils and the progress of scientific research, the history of human evolution may be adjusted. .