Dazu Japanese immigration fee

The modern history of China was written in 1938.

Although the book has only more than 50,000 words, as Shen Weibin, a famous scholar and professor at Fudan University, said: "Although the space is small, the academic content is high.

Idea: I want to know how high the academic content is.

This book was written on the eve of the Opium War to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

The content does not stick to the process and details of the event; In terms of methods, the author grasps the evolution trend as a whole and shows the writing style of the author's deep thinking.

Idea: I haven't realized it yet.

Start with the relationship between diplomacy and internal affairs.

The book is divided into four chapters, combing four plans to save the country and the people. The first chapter talks about foreign invasion; The second chapter talks about internal worries. This is the background of the plan to save the country and the people, which shows that China has no future unless it learns from the West and changes. The third chapter talks about the self-improvement movement (that is, the Westernization Movement), which is also the first plan; The fourth chapter talks about three schemes, namely, the political reform movement, the boxer movement and Sun Yat-sen's Three People's Principles. This layout forms the first and second chapters as cause, and the third and fourth chapters as cause and effect.

Keep the original text, do not obliterate its academic achievements because of its political stance, and do not change the previous text because of today's needs.

Idea: This is what Chen Xulu said in the preface of Yuelu Bookstore.

However, in the19th century, why did our nation encounter unprecedented difficulties? First, it is because our science is not as good as people. Knowledge level is the most decisive factor in the competition between people and countries.

Idea: Ask questions in the form of questions and answer them in the form of lists (first, second ...)

The political situation in the Middle Ages in the West is very similar to that in the Spring and Autumn Period in China, and the situation after the Renaissance is very similar to that in the Warring States Period. In the life of the great powers, westerners have developed passionate patriotism and profound national concepts. We stick to the concept of family and hometown.

During our Kangxi period, Russia was fortunate to have a big Peter, who changed his name with the supremacy of an autocratic emperor and went to Western Europe to learn shipbuilding and steelmaking anonymously. Later, he invited many technicians from western Europe to Russia to help him carry out the reform. At that time, many Russians opposed him, especially the quintessence party in the capital Moscow. He was desperate to fight to the end, and even moved the capital to a remote but coastal Neva River, because he wanted to be close to the sea and communicate with Western Europe, the birthplace of modern culture.

Idea: Peter the Great is determined to reform.

We should pay attention to how imperialism oppresses us. We should carefully study the resistance plan of each period. In particular, it is necessary to analyze the degree and reasons for the success or failure of each scheme. If we can find out the lessons of China's modern history, we will make greater contributions to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the founding of the country.

Idea: After reading this book, I understand the importance of modern history. No matter how brilliant and powerful ancient China was, it is more important to learn historical experience and lessons from the difficult and difficult modern history.

The issue of this system and ceremony has become a major obstacle to diplomatic relations, and "China" will never be accommodating.

Idea: Ancient China did not recognize the equality of other countries. If envoys from all countries come, they will respect China as a country and pretend to be a vassal.

At that time, China did not understand diplomacy, but only knew "suppressing foreigners".

At that time, the trade system was also quite special, and western businessmen were limited to Guangzhou.

In Guangzhou, outsiders are not free either. Summer and autumn are the buying and selling seasons, so you can live in Guangzhou. After the sale, they must go to Macao for the winter. Thirteen banks were designated by the China government to do business with foreigners. Shisanhang will always be the leader of Shisanhang and the negotiator of the government. The orders of Guangzhou officials are all conveyed to foreign businessmen by the head office, and the submissions of foreign businessmen to officials are also conveyed by the head office.

Customs tariffs used to be very light, with an average of only 4%. The Qing government didn't attach importance to customs revenue, but the bad rules imposed by officials were extremely heavy, even with normal taxes, it was only 20% of the purchase price.

Foreigners have to go through a bargaining negotiation every time they pay taxes, so they are very impatient.

At that time, China did not attach importance to legal rights.

Idea: Before the "extraterritorial jurisdiction", the Qing government was unwilling to deal with foreigners' cases. Therefore, after the "extraterritorial jurisdiction", the Qing government did not feel that national sovereignty was violated. The Qing government felt that reparations and five-port trade were even more abominable. On the one hand, it increases the financial burden, on the other hand, it makes foreigners everywhere, making the invasion of foreigners even more impossible to prevent.

Before the Opium War, we refused to give equal treatment to foreign countries. In the future, they will not give us equal treatment.

A politician should be responsible for guiding public opinion. If there is no guidance, or guidance does not take effect, this is the failure of politicians.

Hey? Wen Xiang never looked back and missed the closed-door era that was gone forever. They boldly advanced and sought a new way out in international life. Sadly for those of us who study modern history, this new spirit did not appear after the Opium War, but at the end of the salty day and the beginning of the salty day 20 years later. An inch of time is an inch of gold, so is the individual, especially the nation.

Idea: After the First Opium War, China was indifferent. He didn't think he was poor or needed improvement. It was not until the Second Opium War coincided with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement that these officials of the Qing government realized the power of ship guns, and it was only twenty years after the First Opium War that they thought of reform.

Although diplomacy is very important in modern history, internal affairs are the fundamental factor that determines a country's strength.

For example, German diplomacy failed before World War I, and so did the war. But because of Germany's sound internal affairs, he regained his position within 20 years after the war, which is self-reliance.

Idea: How did German diplomacy fail?

This has been China's trap for thousands of years. Even sages cannot escape the blame. On the one hand, people at that time did not know how to use science to control fertility; On the other hand, I don't know how to use science to increase production. After the chaos, at the beginning of the Great Governance, the population decreased, and the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and their living standards improved slightly. This is the golden age in the eyes of ordinary people. Later, the population increased day by day and the wasteland decreased day by day. Moreover, the newly reclaimed land is either poor in soil quality or insufficient in water, so the per capita cultivated land area is reduced and the living standard is reduced. Somehow, the people had to burn incense and worship Buddha and lament their bad luck.

There is also a cycle in the history of China. Most of the founding monarchs and founding fathers of each dynasty were born in the folk, and their salaries were extremely thin. In their minds, the standard of luxury is very low, they are more sympathetic to the people's suffering and work harder. This is an era of prosperous internal affairs and clean administration. Later, the desire of the ruling class gradually increased, and the standard of luxury was raised accordingly, so the corruption of officials was greatly improved.

He became a great event in the future, not because the Qing government and bureaucrats automatically handed over power to him, but because their failure forced them to ask Zeng Guofan to come out to serve and forced them to give him the opportunity and right to do things.

Idea: Opportunities are always won by yourself.

In addition, Xiang army is full of family concept and hometown concept. Soldiers only know that there is a direct superior officer, no supreme commander, and no country.

On one occasion, Ceng Guoquan returned to his hometown for conscription and handed over the original troops to Zeng Guofan for temporary management. These troops are unruly. Guo Si was helpless, so he had to urge Quanguo to hurry back to the village. So Xiang Army is the beginning of private army.

Idea: I only know the direct superior officer, but I don't know the supreme commander.

If you have nothing to do, you will dismiss foreign weapons as strange and clever, thinking that you don't need to learn; If something happens, the foreign weapon will become strange and magical, thinking that it can't be learned.

Su Zizhan said: "When there is nothing to say, it is enough to be a name, but it is always hard to believe;" When it comes to something, it is enough to read the letter, but it is a common thing. "

Idea: It's enough to say it when you have nothing to do, but it's always hard to believe. What happened is enough to make people believe, the problem is that it is too late.

The modernization of the army is the first, and it needs modern military equipment, so there are two machinery factories in Jiangnan and Tianjin. In fact, most of these two factories are arsenals. Second, new military equipment must be driven by technicians, so we set up a military equipment school and sent officers to study abroad. Third, a modern army must have modern means of transportation, so there are shipyards, telegraph offices and railway buildings. Fourth, the new defense expenditure is several times more than the old one. Medieval production must not be used to pay for modern national defense. Therefore, Li Hongzhang wants to set up a China Merchants Bureau to manage the traffic along the Yangtze River, set up a cloth factory to recover his rights, and open coal mines and gold mines to increase his income.

Idea: buckle one ring at a time.

The leaders of the self-improvement movement did not make construction plans in advance without foreseeing various needs. At first, they only knew the necessity of national defense modernization. But after they took a step forward on this road, they found that they had to take another step; After going further, we have to go further. In fact, it must end before it can take effect.

Idea: At that time, the Westernization Movement didn't have a comprehensive plan, but local officials realized that they wanted to learn western technology, so they took a step ... The same is true for learning and doing things, maybe they didn't know it themselves, but when they went out and started, the rest naturally came, and everything was difficult at the beginning.

Although Zeng Guofan and other leaders of the self-improvement movement took a good route, they could not save the country and the people. What is the reason? Lies in their incompleteness. Why aren't they thorough? Partly because they don't want to be thorough, mostly because times don't allow them to be thorough.

Viewpoint: The leaders of the Westernization Movement have an incomplete understanding of the West. No one has studied abroad, let alone been abroad. Second, they admire western science and know that science is the foundation of machinery, but they have no common sense of scientific machinery. Third, they only know technology and don't know the western system. In fact, their construction has been hindered by the old system and spirit.

But if the leaders at that time were updated and wanted to further accept western culture, would society allow it? Society must give them greater obstacles. The incomplete reforms they have carried out have been opposed by ordinary people, and if they go further, the opposition will be louder.

Idea: People haven't woken up yet.

Today, we are not ashamed of being inferior to others, but only ashamed of learning from others.

Idea: Prince Gong said

His radical remarks aroused the abuse of the scholar-officials throughout the country. They said Guo Songtao was a traitor and "had second thoughts about Britain".

Idea: The discussion beyond the times is beyond ordinary people's understanding, and nature will not support it. For example, Wang Anshi's policy of accumulating wealth beyond the times was reviled.

Strictly speaking, people's superstition is a big obstacle for our nation to accept western culture in modern times.

Tongzhi for thirteen years, from 1862 to 1874. During this period, Germany was unified, Rizojimanto died, and the central government of the United States eliminated the independence movement in the south, restoring and strengthening the unity of the United States. That period was a period of great success for western nationalism. After the unification of these countries, great domestic construction and economic development followed. Before Tongzhi, only Britain, Russia and France were imperialist powers abroad. After Tongzhi, beauty, morality and Italy were added.

This relationship can be said to have three layers: first, capitalist countries are eager to invest in foreign countries.

Any international investment with political function is aggressive and imperialist.

Any international investment without political function is pure, and both investors and recipients can benefit. Therefore, we should treat foreign investment in the same way as water. Sometimes, in some places, under certain conditions, it is necessary to dig wells for water or open rivers for water. At other times, places and conditions, the embankment must be waterproof.

The second relationship between imperialism and capitalism is business promotion.

The bigger the factory, the more products it produces and the thicker the profit. The difficulty lies in the market. The competitive market of each country could have relied entirely on the quality and low price of goods, without relying on military aggression or political pressure. But by the end of19th century, the freedom of international trade was getting smaller and smaller. Countries not only raise their own tariffs, but also raise territorial tariffs. In this way, the development of business follows the development of political power. Competing for the market is equal to competing for territory. Once the oppressed countries lose their tariff autonomy, they will never be able to develop their industries.

The third relationship between imperialism and capitalism is the search for raw materials.

Idea: Imperialists will invade aggressively in order to find industrial raw materials.

As far as we know, various regimes in history, whether monarchy or democracy; All kinds of social and economic systems, whether capitalism or feudalism, have the possibility of imperialism.

Idea: In the final analysis, the difference between capitalism and imperialism lies in whether there is political intervention in other countries.

Besides our headquarters, our territory also includes Myanmar, Siam, Vietnam, Ryukyu, Korea and Mongolia. These places can be divided into two categories: Mongolia belongs to the first category, which belongs to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and China sends ministers there. The second category is dependent countries such as South Korea and Vietnam. In fact, China had a very shallow relationship with them, but they paid tribute on schedule, and the new king had to be granted the throne by Emperor China. Besides, we don't send representatives to their capitals permanently, and we don't interfere in their internal affairs. Economically, we are also very negative. We don't immigrate, and we don't encourage trade. It's not worth the candle.

This year, Ito Bowen was sent to Europe to inspect civil affairs, Prince Yakawa was sent to Russia again, and Italy was sent to Austria-Hungary. He was crowned with imagination, facing the road and focusing on building the party in the tree. West Renye Fang is willing to be attached to each other, and tends to be protective when meeting China and Japan. This country has a lot of foreign debts and is in danger. Westerners protect them for self-protection and profit, or help them implicitly.

Idea: Li Hongzhang said. Japan uses foreign debt to survive the country.

Military strategists are forbidden to show a person's shape before he has tools to find him.

Yuan Shikai was less than thirty years old at this time, and suddenly an important thing happened. Because the telegram was blocked, he could not ask for instructions, so he had to act cheaply. He dared to take responsibility and stop the other side's plot. No wonder Li Hongzhang attached importance to him and sent him as the general representative in North Korea.

Idea: Dare to take responsibility, which is the performance of undertaking great things.

International relations are no more unreasonable and indifferent than personal relations. Countries are selfish and have the same interests, that is, friends and allies; Conflicts of interest became enemies. Diplomats from all countries are good at abacus.

When treaty of shimonoseki was signed, Russia, Germany and France joined forces to force Japan to return Liaodong Peninsula, including Lushun and Dalian. Russia took the initiative, and Germany and France just echoed it. At that time, Russian Finance Minister Werther was rushing to repair the Siberian Railway. He found that the eastern section, such as the northern shore around Heilongjiang, was too long and the project was too difficult. If we cross the three northeastern provinces, the route can be shortened and the project will be much easier. At the same time, Vladivostok is too north, and it freezes in winter, which is not convenient for navigation. If Russia can win Dalian and Lushun, it can have perfect military and commercial ports in the Far East. It is Witt's goal to complete trans-siberian railway and get an ice-free port. France joined forces with Russia to help Germany at that time. Russia turned to France for help, but France dared not refuse. What's more, France also has the ambition to take the opportunity to develop in the Far East. The German abacus is more accurate. He wants to walk with Russia and let Russia know that Germany is a friend of Russia, and Russia does not have to contact France; Second, if Russia develops to the Far East, there will not be many in Europe, and Germany will just follow suit; Third, Germany can also ask us for aid. This is the real motive of the three countries' interference in treaty of shimonoseki.

Idea: Benefits

The scholar-bureaucrat class thinks that the legal system is the ancestral legal system, and the legal system of sages has been passed down from generation to generation and can never be changed. Kang Youwei knows that unless he breaks the difficulty of this thought first, there is no way to start the political reform. So before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, he wrote an essay on Confucius' Reform. He said that Confucius was a reformer at all, and the purpose of Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals was to reform the legal system.

These two great new policies, as we see it today, should have been done long ago, but during the Reform Movement of 1898, although the national crisis was so serious, most people opposed it. Why? In a word, they lost their jobs. Everyone knows to abolish stereotyped writing and advocate practical learning, but hundreds of academicians, thousands of scholars, tens of thousands of juren, hundreds of thousands of scholars and millions of young students all feel that the previous efforts have been in vain. How much effort they have made, people who want to muddle through will also be promoted and rich. Once stereotyped writing was abolished, they were desperate. No wonder they want to call Kang Youwei a foreign slave and a traitor. As for the laid-off officials, not to mention, they all hate each other.

Strictly speaking, Boxing Movement can be said to be the third plan to save the country and the people in China's modern history, but this plan is against westernization and modernization and runs counter to the first and second plans. The boxer's fiasco is natural. The cost of fiasco is enough to prove that if the Chinese nation wants to survive, it must not drive backwards.

Within one month after Wuchang Uprising, thirteen provinces of Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Guizhou, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Shandong successively declared their independence, and there was no fierce war in any place. The demise of the Qing government was not overthrown by the revolutionary army, but disintegrated by the Qing itself. The independent provincial committees sent representatives to enact provisional laws and openly elected Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president of the Republic of China. Our ancient empire suddenly became the Republic of China.

Idea: The Qing government that lost people's trust was not overthrown by revolutionary forces, but disintegrated by the Qing government itself.

The national level of our common people is very low. They used to be soldiers not to defend the country, but to solve the problem of personal livelihood. Without training, they don't know great loyalty, that is, loyalty to the country, loyalty to the officials who provide them with food and clothing, and loyalty to the leaders of their fellow villagers or relatives.

International students are dispersed to various schools and schools in various countries. After returning home, they brought back the theories of various countries and argued with each other, which added ideological division to the warlord regime.

In fact, on the government side, the motive of overseas career in Ming Dynasty was the eunuch's self-interest.

However, in the imperial court, whether in the Ming Dynasty or the Qing Dynasty, foreign missionaries were technical experts. The imperial court used them only because they could improve the calendar and make French guns and red guns.

How many traces of western scientific methods and knowledge can we find from the works of art in the era of Ganjia Daoxian? /kloc-Although the missionary work in the 0/7th century brought a lot of heroic flavor, it did not cause a spiritual movement in China after all, and the culture of China still retains its old views.

Idea: Works of art can really reflect history.

Since17th century, Europeans have invaded Asia in two ways. All the way from the ocean, from south to north, its invaders are western sea power countries; All the way from land, from north to south, its aggressor is Russia. The invasion of the two roads, together, formed a scissors-like division. The whole of Asia, including China, is in the mouth of this pair of scissors. This is the basic situation of modern Asia, which has not changed for thousands of years.

Why did Emperor Kangxi give up the attitude of "unification without exception, all ethnic groups came to Korea" at this time?

Idea: We used to have equal diplomacy with others. Emperor Kangxi is knowledgeable, can read western languages, and personally presided over the compilation of scientific and technological books.

The great achievements in China's diplomatic history were achieved through equal treatment and free trade, not from the tradition of exclusive respect for big countries and closed doors.

In the twenty-third year of Kangxi (1684), the holy father issued a letter to open the sea ban. Although this law allows China people to go to sea, it does not expressly allow foreigners to import. But in fact, no matter which China people want to trade in Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou and Ningbo, China will treat them equally.

The British tried their best to show equal respect, but instead put the tone of Ryukyu and Annan on this letter. At that time, the general affairs could not and dared not be translated. At that time, officials forbade outsiders to learn Chinese and used this paper for some reasons. This kind of diplomacy is childish and ridiculous.

The failure of Malaysia's diplomacy is due to the incompatibility of Chinese and western diplomatic concepts. We stick to the concept of "China governs all nations" and do not recognize the existence of so-called "international" people; In modern times, the west gradually promoted international life and the conventions and public laws it needed. Markov's failure proves that China has never been willing to give up this traditional idea automatically or peacefully.

The armillary sphere sent by Britain this time is really the best western technology in the18th century. Why don't China people (including Manchu and Han) realize anything? The failure of Ma's cultural mission proves that China will never automatically accept western science and technology.

In the 21st year of Jiaqing (18 16), the arrival of Lord Amherst was a fiasco. Because of the problem of bowing his head, Injong actually ordered the expulsion of the guests. On the way back from Beijing to Guangzhou, officials often treat each other with black eyes. Westerners know from now on that peace talks cannot change China's trade system and establish equal diplomatic relations with China.

Japanese and European and American newspapers are not afraid of anything. They said that the actual number of Soviet troops entering China was less than 3,000; China's army has no resistance except one brigade. In Manzhouli and Hailar, China's army not only failed to resist, but also plundered before fleeing. The result of the conflict was to yield to Russian conditions. Recently, Leona Curtis, the leader of British public opinion circles, published China on Big Issues. His exposition on the relationship between the Sino-Russian conflict and the "September 18th Incident" deserves our attention. He said: "The Japanese have drawn a conclusion from this incident, that is, if China's army takes swift and forceful action, it will all collapse. The relationship between the central and local governments is so alienated that foreign countries can use force against the local government of Manchuria without declaring war on China. "

Idea: Every move, word and deed of the country will have an impact on the future.

In short, the air created by officials and people in recent years is vain and conceited. Knock this down today and that down tomorrow. We don't ask whether our ability grows with our desires, nor do we weigh the priorities of things, as if the more enemies, the better. I drugged my slogan, euphemistically calling it "revolutionary diplomacy". When the "September 18th Incident" happened, we were thick-skinned and begged their sympathy and help for what we wanted to overthrow in our slogan the day before yesterday.

We should not hold the authorities and ourselves accountable on the anniversary of September 18.

Idea: The significance of commemoration is not only the thing itself, but also heroism. It is not easy to remember the lesson of being beaten.

It turns out that modern diplomacy is not to take advantage, but to reconcile international interests. The way out of our diplomacy is not to harm the interests of outsiders to promote our interests, but to strive to make the interests of China and foreign countries grow together, at least to protect our interests from outsiders.

The progress of the nation cannot rely on the call of minority leaders, nor can it rely on a panacea. The actual progress still depends on countless people, working silently in their daily work.

The difference between the Sandwich School and the Martial Man is that the Sandwich School advocates that there should be sufficient internal and diplomatic preparations before the war, and that there should be moderation after the war, and the hope should not exceed the scope permitted by the situation.

Second, the resumption of diplomatic relations between China and Russia should be regarded as a seed of diplomacy, and more efforts should be made to cultivate it so that it can bear good fruit in the future. One of the big problems in our diplomacy is that we are just trying to acquire, not cultivate. Personal friendship takes time, not to mention diplomatic relations.

Idea: Even if diplomacy is the priority of interests, we should pay attention to cultivating relations with other countries.

In a word, at present, under the domestic and international situation in China, it is impossible to recover lost ground. At present, our work can only create the ability and qualification to recover lost land at home and the possibility of recovering lost land internationally.

Internal affairs and diplomacy are like two legs: the left leg goes forward and the right leg must keep up, otherwise all of us can't make progress. Internal affairs have improved and diplomacy has become easier; If diplomacy is handled properly, internal affairs will progress more smoothly.

I bring a gun, so do you: I doubt that your gun is for me, and you doubt that my gun is for you; In order to preempt, the war broke out. I'm afraid that your gun is better than mine, and you're also afraid that mine is better than yours, so you and I both scrimped and saved, and made the gun shaft-armament-excellent. One day, I felt that my efforts had achieved considerable results. I believe my gun is really better than yours, so I'll give it to you as soon as possible. That's how the last world war was fought. You and I don't carry guns now, so we don't want to be safe because we have a "public security bureau". There were only losers and no winners in the last war, because Britain and France, which claimed to have won, were not as rich and happy as before after the war, and fifteen years of hard work was not enough to recover. Fighting World War II with current military equipment will not be the end of mankind, nor will it be the end of culture. Therefore, after the war, many farsighted people-no less than people in big countries and small countries-unanimously advocated organizing a League of Nations and a "public security bureau" of the world.

Idea: the reason for opposing "Sade" and North Korea's nuclear weapons at that time.

As far as China is concerned, it is not that the League of Nations Covenant is unfavorable to us, but that the League of Nations is weak. Then, the first way for us to make use of the League of Nations is to cultivate its strength. When other countries don't trust the League of Nations, we should especially trust the League of Nations. When other countries undermine the prestige of the League of Nations everywhere, we should respect every move and enhance its prestige. If people in other countries say that the Covenant of the League of Nations is waste paper, we must say that the Covenant is justified. If people in other countries say that the League of Nations can only manage European affairs, we must say that the League of Nations is the arbiter of the world. If other countries have 3 million League members, we should have 30 million. If other countries regard the League of Nations as a special topic of diplomatic research, we should take the history, organization and purpose of the League of Nations as a compulsory course in primary and secondary schools. No matter what the League of Nations stands for, we will try our best to cooperate. No matter what meeting the League of Nations holds, we will send representatives to attend, and we will send the most promising people in China. With Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations, it is time for us to actively participate in the League of Nations. Among the member countries, China is most qualified to represent Asia. In order to maintain its cosmopolitanism, the League of Nations will welcome China's cooperation from now on.

Trading countries are afraid that China will not become rich and strong, because once China becomes rich and strong, their business will improve.

In diplomacy, do something to others first, and then you can ask others for something.

All serious national disasters are touchstones of the country and the nation. The best way to understand a nation's knowledge level, organizational ability, study habits and outlook on life is to see how this nation handles a serious national disaster. As for the government and the army, it goes without saying that under the national disaster, their advantages and disadvantages are naturally exposed.

The world often blames the government for not fighting; I don't know if peace will push the government inside and war will push the government outside. Those who want the government to declare peace or war are not for peace, let alone war, but just want to use the issue of peace and war to overthrow the government. Ordinary people, impulsive, don't know the function of this, so they echo the voice. Since opposition leaders use politicians' means to deal with the government, the government must respond to them with politicians' means.

The conditions for the rejuvenation of the thirteenth nation

It is ok to be an official in China; It is difficult to be an official and difficult to do things; It is dangerous to do things seriously; It can't be serious and planned. "To be an official, as long as everyone is perfunctory and accommodating, it will last longer than its position and be promoted step by step. The most indispensable character of officialdom is smoothness, and the most precious technology is coping. This kind of natural elimination is to eliminate the powerful and capable people in the nation and keep the weak and incompetent people in the nation.

The newspaper said that China people's ideal university is like this: there will be no layoffs anyway; Students don't charge tuition fees. The more subsidies, the better. Graduation certificates will be issued on schedule. In fact, in our country, academic qualifications have long been transformed into qualifications. Although the imperial examination was abolished, its psychology still exists.

More than 30 years ago, when China and China jointly organized the Middle East Railway, Russia wanted to restore the reputation of the joint, and went it alone, so it gave people a supervisory position in Gaul. We feel very cheap, so we are satisfied. In modern times, in the so-called Sino-foreign joint venture, it is not only Russia that outsiders take advantage of this weakness of our nation.

Get rid of the post outlook on life and grasp the professional outlook on life. This is a prerequisite for our national rejuvenation.

India died in the first few acts of modern history, so we can leave it alone. There are four countries that can be compared, namely China, Japanese, Russian and Turkish. The experiences of these four countries have important similarities, and the modernization of the four countries is from top to bottom.

Thinking: Compare the reforms of the four countries horizontally.

In the four countries of China, Russia, Japan and Turkey, modernization is top-down and often runs counter to public opinion, so the promotion of reform is not helpful to the concentration of political power. From the modernization process of these four countries, we can draw the same conclusion: the more concentrated political power, the better the modernization achievements. The so-called good is that the more thorough and rapid the reform is, the conservative forces of the old Musgo can't be overthrown without the violence of Big Peter-not only autocracy, but Russia may have to preserve the culture of Tatar and Eastern Europe until the storm of the Napoleonic Wars, and the precious time of the eighteenth century will consume the whole sky.