Geographical essay questions. From the perspective of harmony between man and land, this paper answers the question "Measures to seek the natural coexistence between man and geographical environment".

Geographical essay questions. From the perspective of harmony between man and land, this paper answers the question "Measures to seek the natural coexistence between man and geographical environment". thank you It is an important task of geography research for people to understand the relationship between culture and environment, that is, the relationship between man and geographical environment (which can be simply called the relationship between man and land). From the development of geographical science, various viewpoints have been formed around this task, which can be summarized as: environmental determinism, possibility theory, adaptation theory, ecological theory, environmental perception and cultural determinism. 1. environmental determinism Originally known as geographical environment determinism (determinism for short), it regards the natural environment as the decisive factor of social development. This view has a long history. First, the Frenchman montes Guin (1689- 1755) emphasized in his book On the Spirit of Law (1748): "Wang Guocai with climate is the first of all kingdoms. ..... Extremely hot weather is bad for people's strength and courage, and the cowardice of people living in hot weather will inevitably lead them to become slaves ... ". Later, the British scholar H.T. Buckle (1821-1862) put forward in his book A History of British Civilization (1857): "The tall mountains and vast plains (such as in India) make people have an excessive fantasy and fantasy. When the natural form is small and varied (such as Greece), it will make people develop rationality in the early stage. "German geographer Ratze (1844- 1904) was deeply influenced by the evolution theory of C.R. Darwin (1809- 1882) at that time. He thought that" human beings, like living things, have their activities, development and distribution. His student semple (1863- 1932), an American, accepted his ideas and popularized them in his book The Influence of Geographical Environment (19 1 1), which was widely used in American geographical circles. Although this view was quite popular at the beginning of this century, after 1930s, many geographers criticized and criticized the over-emphasis of environment in determinism. They believe that human society in different regions is not only influenced by the natural environment, but also by social and historical factors, and the geographical environment is not decisive. 2. Possibility theory. Possibility theory is also called possibility theory. It means that in the relationship between man and environment, the environment contains many possibilities, and which possible performance can be turned into reality depends on man's ability to choose. French geographer P.V. Blanche (1845- 19 18) put forward and supported this view. He believes that in the relationship between man and the environment, there are other factors at work besides the direct influence of the environment. In other words, human life style is not entirely the product of environmental domination, but a complex of various factors. Why is the same environment accompanied by different lifestyles? This is because the environment contains many possibilities, and the use of them depends entirely on human's ability to choose. Therefore, Brandt mentioned in his book Principles of Human Geography that "geography ... is to understand the correspondence and connection of the facts in the regional environment around us or their regional environment". Since 1930s, the influence of environmental determinism in cultural geography has declined, while the possibility theory has gained the upper hand. Supporters of the possibility theory believe that cultural heritage is at least as important as the natural environment in many cultural aspects, and it is also fully manifested in influencing people's behavior. At present, the possibility theorists believe that man is the first architect of human culture, and the role of cultural development in the relationship between man and land is to provide various possibilities. How people live and live in a place depends on the choices people make in various possibilities provided by the environment. This choice is guided by people's cultural traditions. In order to meet their own needs, when people choose the opportunities and restrictions provided by the environment, the higher their cultural level, the more possibilities they can choose, and the less the influence and restrictions of the natural environment; On the contrary, the greater the influence and limitation of the natural environment. As Jean Brunis (1869- 1930), a student of P.V. Brandt, said, "Nature is fixed, while human nature is uncertain, and the relationship between them often changes with the times". 3. Adaptation theory. The adaptation theory was put forward by British human geographer P.M. Roxbee (1880- 1947). He believes that human geography includes two directions: first, people's adaptation to their natural environment; The second is the people living in a certain area and their relationship with the geographical area. The adaptation mentioned here is different from the genetic adaptation of organisms. It is a long-term adaptation to the natural environment and environmental changes through cultural development. This adaptation not only means the restriction of natural environment on human activities, but also means the possibility of human society's use and utilization of the environment. 4. Ecological theory. Another viewpoint put forward at the same time as the adaptation theory is the ecological viewpoint of human geography put forward by American geographer H.H. Barros (1877- 1960). He believes that the purpose of geography is not to investigate the characteristics of the environment itself and the objective natural phenomena, but to study the human response to the natural environment. When talking about geography, he also put forward: "After the establishment of physical geography, there is a strong demand for biochemistry." This request received a timely response. Therefore, he thinks: "The center of geography has steadily shifted from extreme nature to humanity, until more and more geographers define their subject as completely discussing the interaction between man and nature and biological environment". 5. Environmental perception. Cultural geographers believe that when people get along with the natural environment, their choices of various possibilities are not arbitrary, random and irregular, but show certain objective laws, which are dominated by an ideology, which is environmental perception. Everyone lives in a certain environment, and due to the influence of the environment and the original cultural background, an impression will inevitably be formed in people's minds. This impression of the environment is an environmental perception, which is owned by all members of the same cultural group in the environment. Once a person has formed environmental perception, his knowledge and understanding of the real environment will inevitably be influenced by his environmental perception, so it is impossible to understand his environment very accurately, so he must base his reactions and decisions on incomplete understanding. Cultural geographers should understand the relationship between man and land in the environment of a cultural group and why it is like this, not only to understand the environmental situation, but also to understand the members' perception of its environment. A lot of research has been done on environmental perception. Different cultural groups have different responses to the same disasters, such as floods and droughts. For example, many religions think that natural disasters are inevitable acts of God, and often hope to eliminate these environmental disasters by comforting God. Therefore, in places where natural disasters are frequent, people who worship such gods are often the places with the largest number, and they are also the places with the strongest perception of such environments. Environmental awareness is also reflected in the understanding of the local environment after immigrants arrive in new places. Because, they often see the superficial similarity between the new house and the original environment, but they lack sufficient understanding of the differences between them. For example, farmers who originally lived along the Atlantic coast in the eastern United States often look at the climate in the west with their original environmental perception when migrating to the west and developing the great plains in the arid areas in the west, and always underestimate the disasters caused by drought, resulting in huge losses. This is because they have been engaged in agricultural activities in humid western Europe and the eastern United States for generations, and they have formed a habit and cannot correctly understand the arid climate conditions in the new region. Therefore, after many mistakes and failures, they will revise their long-term environmental cognition, and they will gradually understand the real situation of the climate in the Great Plains. Different cultures have different understandings of the environment and natural resources. For example, according to their teachings, Christians believe that the earth was created by God for human use. Many primitive tribal religions believe that many natural objects are sacred, so they become the objects of worship and protection. In the treatment of natural resources, there will be different understandings with the development of culture. For example, in the era of hunting society, the important resources of hunters are large herbivores that provide food and clothing and stones as weapons; In the era of agricultural society, for farmers engaged in farming, the important resources are flat terrain, fertile soil and irrigated land; In industrial society, people think that all kinds of mineral deposits buried underground are the most valuable resources. Because people's perception of the environment is constantly changing with the change of the environment and the development of culture, it is influenced by the environment on the one hand, and also affects people's understanding and utilization of the environment, so environmental perception has become an important content of cultural geography research. 6. Cultural determinism. Some cultural geographers observe the changes that human beings have brought to the natural environment since their appearance, and thus regard human beings as natural reformers. This reflects another aspect of the relationship between man and land, which is completely opposite to environmental determinism. The latter thinks that the natural environment determines and shapes people, while the former thinks that people determine and shape nature. The influence of human beings on the natural environment is reflected in the geographical works of ancient Greece. For example, in the 2nd century BC, Agatha Zides analyzed the relationship between man and land in his book The Red Sea. In terms of direct relations, for example, he believes that people transform and harness rivers according to their own needs and interests, and use periodic floods to influence the formation of deltas. In the 4th century BC, Plato, a famous scholar, was saddened by the destruction of fertile land around Athens by agricultural activities at that time. He mentioned that "compared with the past, what is left now is like a patient's skeleton, rich and soft soil will be consumed, and the remaining land is the framework of barren land". Especially in modern times, due to the progress of science and technology, human influence on nature has reached a considerable level. The higher the technical level, the lower the dependence of society on geographical environment. On the contrary, the lower the technical level, the higher the dependence of society on the geographical environment. In the relationship between man and environment, the main and active aspect is the man with high technical level. Look here. It should work.