Overview of Hui nationality development

After the Hui people arrived in China, they were initially incorporated into the Hui Army, the Western Regions Pro-Army, the Haci Army, the Ahun Army, and the Ma Hongjun, and participated in the campaigns to destroy Xixia, the Jin Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, with the realization of national unity, it has been brought into the track of economic construction one after another and lived a life of "combination of animal husbandry and husbandry" and integration of soldiers and farmers; Or join the society anywhere, it is regarded as "compiling the people", obtaining the same qualifications as Han farmers and engaging in agricultural farming. Today, Hexi, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Henan, Shandong and other places in Gansu are all important areas where the Hui army is stationed in agriculture. For example, in 128 1 year (eighteen years from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered the gunmen who returned from all over the country to "open fields in Nanjing (Kaifeng)"; 1290 (in the twenty-seventh year of Yuan Dynasty), he was ordered to "give Tengjieer (now Fukang County, Xinjiang) 3,000 cows to breed in the wasteland"; 1297 (in the first year of Dade in Yuan Dynasty), "Move to Xiangyang for land reclamation and join the army in Nanyang", per household 150 mu of abel tamata. 1322 (in the second year of Yuan Dynasty), Yuan Ying Zongshuode wrote a letter with eight thorns: "Hui people are exempt from the silver tax on people in Hexi". The development of reclamation activities laid the foundation for the development of agricultural production of Hui nationality.

/kloc-In the late 4th century, Yuan Shengshi of Ming Dynasty, agricultural production further developed. For example, in A.D. 137 1 year (the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty), Xu Daling had more than 35,800 adherents of the Yuan Dynasty (mountain people) living near Beijing scattered around Weifang. Soon, more than 32,800 families of "desert adherents" captured in the war were moved to Beiping for wasteland. 1384 (the seventeenth year of Hongwu), Beiping, who had entered Jingwei, was ordered to step down and lift the ban for the people. The above-mentioned adherents and stroke victims, in addition to some Mongolians, actually include some Hui people. Because a large number of Hui people lived in Beijing and its vicinity and north, they were not strictly distinguished from the real Mongols in the early Ming Dynasty. Another example is Xue Duding, a westerner who joined Peng Chao in the early years of Hongwu. After being toasted, he was ordered to lead troops to farm and graze in Nianbo, Bazhou and Milla Gou (now Minhe County, Qinghai Province). Today, some Hui people in Minhe and Ledu are their descendants.

There are also descendants of Yuan officials who went to remote areas to engage in farming in order to avoid the harassment of the Ming government. For example, descendants of Sayyid Shams Din 'Umar lived in different provinces, and many of them later turned to agriculture. It is said that Chendai Township in Fujian was handed down by its descendants.

/kloc-in the late 4th century, in order to strengthen the northwest frontier defense, the Ming government recruited a large number of manpower from all over the country to reclaim land in the northwest, including a large number of Hui people. For example, from Hongwu to Yongle, people were sent from Jiangzuo (now Jiangsu Province) and Hayes (now northern Anhui Province) to Xining, Ledu and Guide. Later, many Hui villages in eastern Qinghai were established by these immigrants.

The development of agricultural production is also related to the active advocacy and encouragement of the Ming government. /kloc-Before the 5th century, most Hui people engaged in animal husbandry in Hexi, Pingliang, Guyuan and Lingzhou of Gansu. A well-off family is full of horses and tens of thousands of cattle and sheep. But later, they gradually turned to agriculture or farming and animal husbandry. Some of them have joined the local Han people in building water conservancy projects and vigorously developing irrigation, such as Hui Hui Canal in Hexi, Mandacu Canal in Ningxia, Nazhongmen and Hasanmen, all of which are historical witnesses of the development of agricultural production by the Han and Hui people.

During the18-19th century, the agricultural economy in northwest China was once severely damaged due to the national oppression policy implemented by the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty, but on the whole, the production was still on the rise until the middle of19th century. As Bi Yuan said before, "the population is relatively dense" and "most Hui people cultivate and raise livestock".

Because the Hui people have lived together with the Han people for a long time, their farming techniques are generally similar to those of the Han people. The so-called "living in today's eyes and staying with China people for a long time" is a strong evidence of the above argument. They plow the fields with cattle, irrigate the fields with water, pay attention to cultivating fine varieties, and cultivate and fertilize in time. Crops vary from region to region, mainly planting food crops: rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, fruits, vegetables and beans.

The vast majority of Hui people engaged in agriculture are engaged in commerce, handicrafts or animal husbandry. Even rich peasants, rich peasants and landlords with more land are often no exception. Few people simply manage agriculture. According to the survey, there were more than 900 families in Nanshadian village of Yunnan before liberation, and almost none of them lived solely by farming. Almost every household keeps a few cows, one or two horses, or carries goods for businessmen, or raises chickens and ducks for sale in the old place, and also organizes caravans to go to the border areas. According to the investigation data of Huihuideng Village in Yongsheng Township, Yongjian Hui Autonomous County, before liberation, 60% of the farmers in this area made a living from trade (vendors), and 30% were semi-agricultural and semi-commercial. Only about 10% is engaged in agricultural management.