What are the main characteristics of Greek culture during Mycenae civilization?

During the Mycenae civilization, royal palaces all over the country have always been a major feature of Greek culture. During the Mycenae civilization, the royal palaces around the country have always been a major feature of Greek culture, among which Mycenae Palace is the most exquisite. Shortly after 1350 BC, the area of the castle where the imperial palace was located was enlarged, and a thick "Sai Cropp style" wall was built. This thick wall is made of limestone and conglomerate.

The main entrance is guarded by a strong redoubt. The entrance itself is a nine-foot-wide gate made up of four huge stones. The triangular stone on the lintel is engraved with relief, with Mycenae's logo and religious symbols on it: two lions stretched their forelimbs and stood on the base of a sacred stone pillar. There is also a small Shuang Ye back door to the north of the castle, which is convenient for access. There is a wide ramp in the castle from the above-mentioned "Lion Gate" to the palace.

In the center of the palace is a spacious courtyard. There is a colonnade on the east side of the courtyard, and the ground is paved with gypsum slate, which leads to the main hall of the palace through an aisle, that is, the so-called "ritual hall"-style building, and the plastered gypsum floor is edged with gypsum slate. There are four wooden columns in the center of the ceremony hall, and the surface of the columns is plated with bronze near the base. There is a round high stove between the four pillars.

The walls of the room are painted with pictures of car wars, horses and grooms and women swimming outside the palace. In the west of the courtyard, there is a door leading to the front hall as a reception room, which separates the hall from the grand staircase next to the palace, which is connected with the palace door for guests to enter and leave. The backyard of the palace is in the north of the courtyard, including the upper floors of various buildings; It uses the aisle of the ceremony hall as the entrance and exit. Its rooms are connected by corridors parallel to the north and south walls of the courtyard.

On the high slope in the north of the palace, there is a shrine building painted with a circular altar; Some ivory statues were found near it. The flat roof of the palace is paved with mud and reed poles, with rafters and beams on it. From the roof, you can see the vast plain leading to Argolis Bay, and the arcadia and Ragogna Mountains in the distance.

There is a vast urban area under the castle, where the wealthy businessman Dajia lives. There are also the Dome Mausoleum of the Royal Family, the road leading to the fortress on the plain of Al Goris, and the avenue leading to Corinth in the north, all of which are culverts and causeways built with huge stones in the style of Sai Cropp. Among the domed tombs, the most exquisite one is the tomb called "Atreus's Treasure House". The dome is 40 feet high and is highly praised for its boldness and symmetry.

It was built around 1330 BC, and it is the resting place of the king who strengthened the castle and designed the courtyard, ceremony hall, treasure hall and other projects. The last large dome tomb was built around 1300 BC. BC13rd century, a large staircase was built, which extended the fence of Sai Cropp style to the northeast, and a tunnel was built to lead to a hidden spring filled with a stream outside the castle. In the Tielin, also in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0, the reinforcement project was completed and the storage warehouse was placed in a thick wall.

Outside Argolis, some of the most powerful Mycenae power centers are located in Biya's territory. This place is fertile land around Lake Cobai, drained by Mycenae, alluvial into a plain, controlled by the powerful Fort Golas. Thebes Castle, named "Codmeya", stands on the ridge that bisects the main plain of Biotia, while the ruler of Okmenus is buried in a huge dome tomb named "Minas Treasure House".

Attica is not that important. The acropolis project with Cropp style was built in about 65438 BC+0250 BC? It was completed before 1200, and an underground staircase was built, which went deep underground 100 feet to take water. Other major centers of Mycenae power are also characterized by exquisite domes, castles and prosperous towns, which can be found in the excavations of Yorkus in Thessaly, Las and Amikley in Ragogna, Pyros in Messenia, Kakovatos in Terry filia and Delmon in Ethiopia. There are also some centers on some islands in the Aegean Sea, Sevalenia and Luckas.

The defense project of Mycenae Palace and the love of war and hunting scenes proved the martial spirit of the Greeks at this time. When Knossos fell, Mycenae and his associates made their fortune by force, and Mycenae's overseas expansion also relied on force, because in this turbulent era, sword was the bodyguard of business.

Greek businessmen and immigrants also face powerful enemies everywhere: in the west, they are Cecil, in the Aegean Sea, they are islanders of Syracuse, and in the east, they are Phoenicians along the coast of Asia Minor and Syria. Greek warships, like Minoan Crete warships, have an elongated "keel beam" as the angle of impact tactics, while naval battles are described in Minoan and Mycenae's art.

Before that, the weapons of mainlanders, like Cretes, were lightsabers, spears and shields, tied to their shoulders with ropes to make room for their hands to fight. This heavy shield was once used in duels, but its main value is probably to protect the body from harm? Throwing guns, arrows and stone balls from slingshots. Mainlanders generally wear traditional conical "pig's tooth helmet", and rare bronze helmets tied with ropes have also been used in Crete and Chinese mainland.

By the end of 14 BC, the knife method originated in central Europe began to appear in the Aegean region. This weapon led to the appearance of small round shields worn on the hands and helmets with front and rear beaks or horns to prevent cuts. This kind of equipment also spread all over the Near East in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0.

The use of chariots in war has also been promoted. Although horses have been used as pack animals in the Greek mainland since ancient times, they never played any role in the war before using chariots, which were introduced from the Near East around 16 BC. In Egypt and Syria, dense motorcades were used to kill people, but we don't know whether the Greeks used similar tactics from the beginning or used chariots as platforms for archery and javelin throwing.

The Greeks in Mycenae's time were just one of many great powers in the eastern Mediterranean. They must have had direct contact with their neighbors in trade and war. Hittites and Egyptians who kept diplomatic and military documents will naturally mention these Greeks who often visited Troy and controlled the southern Aegean Sea. In the later period, the Greeks called their ancestors in Mycenae by names such as Achaean, Danayan and Argos, so there is every reason to infer that such names will appear in Hittite and Egyptian documents.

In the 4th century BC/kloc-0, when the Hittite kingdom controlled the trade route from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean via northern Syria, Mursili II (about BC 1350? 1320), he prayed to the Hittites and the gods of Ahhiyava and Lazpa.

In a letter of the next king's period, when it comes to praying for the gods to expel the invading enemies, there is a Hittite king (that is, a king of equal status) whose "brother" is called Tawa Cavallace, known as "King Aya Varache" and is the "brother" of "King Achayeva". Letters from another later period (about 1300 BC) mentioned King Agayeva and the kings of Egypt, Babylon and Assyria. The word Achayeva (or its older form [Ahhayiva]) is obviously a transliteration of the Greek word Achaia, just as Achayevanash (with a Hittite suffix here) is a transliteration of achaean.

From the previous letter, we can clearly see that there are two kinds of kings in Achaia: one is the "most superior" king of Achaia, just as the latter letter compares this king with the king of Egypt; The second is the local king of Achaia in Asia Minor. The former is obviously the king of the Greek mainland. For the latter category, Herodotus may provide some clues. He mentioned that the inhabitants of Pan filia or Silesia were once called "Hyp-achaean". "Lasbats" obviously refers to Lesburg Island, while "Taroisa" (found in another Hittite document) is Troy.

Egyptians also mentioned many names of various peoples in the Aegean Sea in their records in the14th century BC and13rd century BC. They were either Egyptian mercenaries or allies of the Hittite Empire. Among them are Shardana, Lucca or Lukki, Pidasa, Moussa, Kalic, Dard Nui and Iliuna. The last two names can be judged as "Danayan" and "Ilion", which are the names of Trojan residents in Homer's epic. It can be clearly seen from these records that Troy fought Egypt on the side of the Hittite Empire in the 3rd century BC/KLOC-0.