What are the aspects of Sino-Thai cultural exchange?

According to experts' research, the cultural ties between China and Thailand can be traced back to the Bronze Age-the Iron Age. The Mekong River, which originated in Yunnan, China, not only found Neolithic rock paintings, various Neolithic tools and pottery, but also found many bronzes in Yunnan, China. For example, bronze drums have been found in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai in northern Thailand, and even in some areas in central and southern Thailand. Japanese scholar Naokiyuro believes that Beibi, which was widely used in Yunnan in the Middle Ages, was produced in the South China Sea and handed down from Thailand. This mutual spread of bronze culture in the north and south and Bi culture in the north and south shows that China and Thailand have had land transportation since ancient times. Later, with the opening of the Maritime Silk Road, the original traffic was difficult, and the Sino-Thai land passage with complicated political situation along the way gradually lost its function.

Thai culture, in addition to its own culture, mainly draws nutrition from Indian Buddhist culture, Brahmin culture and China culture. Indian culture has a great influence on Thai people's religious beliefs, while the spread and influence of China culture on Thailand is not only reflected in food, clothing, housing and transportation, but also in calendar, language, architectural art, medicine, literature and drama.

It was in Sukhothai's Wang Kunkang Rama Kangheng era that the Chronology of Ganzhi was introduced into Sukhothai and began to record history in Thai. In 1282, King Sukhothai created the ancient Thai language. From A.D. 1292 to A.D. 15 18, 20 inscriptions of Sukhothai were found, 7 of which are the dates of China Ganzhi. This is the historical witness that Sukhothai dynasty absorbed China calendar. The emergence of Thai language and Thai calendar indicates that Thai culture has entered a new historical stage. Sukhothai people are good at absorbing foreign cultures. They use five methods (calendar, calendar, Buddhist calendar, Chinese zodiac, thousand branches) and three methods (white dots and black dots in the lunar calendar, seven weeks and seven branches) to mark the days. Sukhothai people clearly stated that the year and date of the main branch was Thai or Thai. The so-called "Thai style" or "Thailand Day" means that Thais call this day in their own way. On the inscription, there are twelve Chinese zodiac signs and seven Yao (Yao, Moon, Fire, Water and Wood) engraved at the same time. In ancient times, the golden earth and five stars were used to address seven days a week, with Sunday as the day, Monday as the month and so on. Weeks and weeks represent auspicious or auspicious years and days, corresponding to those of Taizhi. According to scholars' research, the method of dating trunks and branches used by Thais is inherited from China, which is exactly the same as that used by Zhuang and Dong languages in Guangxi, China and Dai people (D I) in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan. According to research, Sukhothai people, Thais in Lanna and Thailand, and Dai people in Xishuangbanna, China, all use the old saying of China to refer to dry branches. Among the 22 pronunciations of 10 branches and 12 branches, the pronunciations of 13 words such as Yin, Mao, Wu Shen Wu, Geng and Gui are obviously from ancient Chinese. The pronunciation of the other nine words is also related to ancient Chinese. Experts infer from this that the ancestors of Zhuang and Dong languages lived in the Xijiang River (the main stream of the Pearl River, in the west of Guangdong Province) and Yunnan, due to the needs of production and life. I accepted the dry calendar of the Han nationality very early; Later, it moved to the modern distribution areas one after another, and of course it also took away the traditional calendar method of years and months. As for the traditional calendar in the Sukhothai stone tablet in14th century, it is because China's method of chronology and dates of trunks and branches has been fully integrated into the production practice and daily life of Thai people.

Due to the frequent contact between the two nationalities in language and writing, language borrowing as a means of communication has emerged. It can be seen from the ancient Thai inscriptions that Thai was founded in the Sukhothai Dynasty in the 3rd century/kloc-0, with a history of 700 years. At that time, the unified dynasty had a complex set of administrative institutions, and it was urgent to communicate these institutions with words. Previously, the leaders of the Thai-inhabited areas only copied the characters of the surrounding civilized nations, namely Mongolian, Jimi, Sanskrit and Pali, and carved words on stones to record their achievements, major historical events, national customs and scripture fragments. King Kunlama Ganheng gathered a group of scholars, imitated Meng Jimi's civilization model, and created the ancient Thai language on the basis of collecting and sorting out the languages of various nationalities in China. The font of ancient Thai is very similar to that of Gujimi, but it is very different from the reformed Thai, so that it is difficult for people who know Thai now to read it today.

With the increasingly frequent friendly exchanges between China and Thailand, Thais have absorbed vocabulary from Chinese and enriched Thai. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong moved to Thailand, which naturally brought various dialects from Fujian and Guangdong. So Cantonese Hakka dialect and chaozhou people Chaozhou dialect. Hainan dialect of Hainan people has become the daily language of Thai. For example, Thais call it "pai" and "white", which belongs to Hainan sound; Calling "font size" y Ρ hao and "tax" sui belongs to Chaozhou accent; Call "Chicken" kai, "Silver" gbgun, "Gold" kham and "Zi" chy, with the same pronunciation as Guangdong dialect. Other words such as "line", "difference", "hexagram" and "Cang" are similar in pronunciation to Mandarin. The pronunciations of the numbers three, four, six, seven, eight, nine and ten are all similar to those of China. The pronunciation of two and five is also related to Chinese. Thai blasphemes "er" into "Shuang", which originates from "Shuang" in Cantonese. As for "five", Thai is blasphemed as "shrimp", which is quite similar to the Cantonese pronunciation of "five". In addition, there are many words in Thai that are derived from China sound, such as "sun" and "ink" as "blue ink". Some nouns such as cat, horse, male, emperor, craftsman, road, sound, foot, official, mother, uncle, iron, charcoal, medicine, table, ivory, female, etc., personal pronouns such as me, you and him, and verbs such as wiping, chopping, hating, picking up, peeling, pointing, expanding, living, inviting and sending. More interestingly, Thais simply use the original sound of "uncle" in Chaozhou dialect to honor the "Tang people" living in Thailand. The emergence of a large number of Chinese words in Thai constitutes the link between the Chinese and Thai people to exchange ideas.

There are so many Chinese words in Thai that there are historical reasons. As early as the Yuan Dynasty, it was mentioned in Zhou Zhizhong's Foreign Records that China characters were highly valued by the whole country in Thailand. In order to learn Chinese, in the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 137 1), Thailand sent overseas students to study in imperial academy, China. /kloc-When he was 0/8 years old, Ren Xie traveled overseas with foreign businessmen, learned his language and recorded his islands, towns, customs and products. Xie Yu 14 sailed and returned to China. After that, he became blind and lived in Macao. Yang Bingnan, a fellow countryman, recorded a book "Hai Lu" according to his dictation. The book also talks about what he saw and heard in Ayutthaya: "Many local people are farmers and many businessmen are from China. I know how to respect China's words. I heard that there are people who can write poems, and King Luo Zhi (hired) them for food. "

Due to the increasing tribute trade between China and Thailand, the study of Siam in China has also been put on the agenda. In order to train translators, the Ming court set up a translation museum in Nanjing. In the tenth year of Hongzhi (AD 1497), Siam sent envoys to pay tribute. At that time, no one in Siyige knew Siam, so Cabinet Minister Xu Pu suggested that the Chief Secretary of Guangdong should visit people who knew (ān, were familiar with) Siam writing and go to Beijing for backup. In the tenth year of Zheng De (A.D. 15 15), Siam paid tribute again. No one translated Siamese in Siyige, so Minister Liang Chu suggested that Siamese should be chosen to teach in Siyige. Teachers come to the library to learn Chinese first, and then teach Siam. Students return to China after the expiration of their studies. In A.D. 1577, Ming hired the general manager to give lectures to Siam in Beijing, and Wen Tie and Wen Tie were Siam envoys to introduce the customs and products of Siam. In the second year, politician Zhang suggested adding Siam Pavilion in Siyi Pavilion to recruit Ma Yingkun and other 12 students to learn Siam from Zhan and others. Translation of Siam Pavilion was a teaching material for Siam teaching at that time. It is the crystallization of the painstaking efforts of teachers and students in China and Siam, and it is also the earliest Siam (Thai)-Chinese bilingual dictionary in China. After the establishment of Siam Pavilion, a large number of Siam translators were trained, some of whom were sent to work in Siam court.

China's architectural art, which was widely circulated in Thailand, was captured by the Burmese army in 1767, and the Ayutthaya dynasty, which lasted for 4 17 years, came to an end. At this time, feudal warlords in all parts of Siam took the opportunity to support their troops, and the country was in chaos. At the critical moment of national survival, Chinese-American Zheng Xin fought against Myanmar and launched the struggle to recover the country. With his high prestige and outstanding talent, he quickly won the victory. 177 1 year, Zheng Xin became the king of Siam and established the Wu Li dynasty.

After being approved by the Qing government, Zheng Xin personally wrote a letter to the Qing court in A.D. 178 1 year (forty-six years of Qing Qianlong), demanding that the Qing court "exchange building materials and build palaces". During the reign of 15, preferential policies were implemented for overseas Chinese, and many Chinese were openly recruited to move to Siam. Many immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong moved to Siam during this period. After the establishment of Bangkok dynasty, a large number of Chinese moved to Siam, which formed the climax of moving to Siam. China's architectural art also spread to Siam.

According to historical records, the palaces and walls of the emperor Rama I of Bangkok Dynasty were built by craftsmen in China. The Forbidden City is surrounded by the Dragon City. Besides the Dragon City, there are also city walls, imitating the inner city and outer city buildings of Beijing. It is worth noting that the "Ma 'anlin Weinicai" Palace built by Lama I adopted the style of Thai Buddhist temples, and most of the stones in all building materials came from China. There are walls around the palace and four gates, each with a pair of big stone lions carved by craftsmen in China, which are taller than people. The top of the door is also inlaid with porcelain flowers inlaid with broken porcelain pieces by Chaozhou craftsmen. Built at the same time as Miyagi, there is the Yuepo Buddhist Temple in Chai Town on the Chao Phraya River, and there is a Buddha's Foot Hall to the west of the Buddhist Temple. These two buildings are also masterpieces of Chaozhou craftsmen. Today, despite more than 200 years of ups and downs, the buildings and decorations of Buddhist temples and halls are still radiant and dazzling.

The Royal Garden of Bambayin in Ayutthaya, Thailand should be the most influenced by China's architectural art.. Bandan was originally a small island, located between the old metropolis and the capital Bangkok. As early as the Ayutthaya dynasty, it was already a royal court, which was once abandoned for 80 years. After visiting the big city, Rama IV made a special decree to build it into an underwater palace to commemorate the Ayutthaya dynasty filming the emperor Prasatthongosoth. After the arrival of Lamar V, the palace was expanded, and craftsmen who were good at architectural art were hired from China, and it was completely built according to the style of China Palace. The main building of the Imperial Garden is a Chinese-style palace with red walls and green tiles. The roof is inlaid with Feng Dan Chaoyang and Shuanglong Play Beads, which set off the glazed tile cornices. At the entrance of the palace, there is a large screen wall carved with Fengxiang Dragon Dance. The doors and windows, screens, columns and painted buildings in the palace all show the architectural features of China. In the main hall of Tian Ming Temple, there are China woodcut couplets written by famous artists in China. In several cases, there are rare ancient porcelains in China. Huge portraits of the King of Mongolia and the Emperor Chulalongkorn hung on the wall. They wore feather hats and the "dragon robes" of the Emperor China. Chinese characters copied by Thai emperors are also preserved there.

The architecture of several large Buddhist temples in Bangkok is more or less influenced by the architecture of China. Take the marble temple built by Rama V in 1899 as an example. Its building material is Italian marble, but its roof is similar to that of a Buddhist temple in China. Longzhi icu, an important port at the exit of Tazhen River, was originally the earliest town where overseas Chinese settled. As early as the Dacheng Dynasty, an ancient temple of Yue Aizong was built. This is a temple that combines Chinese and Thai architectural arts. It is famous throughout Thailand for its exquisite door and window carving and exquisite craftsmanship.

In Thailand, people can also see many China stone carvings related to architectural art. It is generally believed that these stone carvings were ordered by the Thai royal family from China and were mainly used for the decoration of palaces and monasteries. According to records, since Lamar I, among many precious items from Ningbo, China, there are stone lions and statues. The stone carvings imported from China to Thailand are exquisitely carved, especially the faces, costumes and postures of the statues. These stone carvings vividly show the social and cultural conditions at that time and have high artistic value. The height of stone statues is twice that of ordinary people, which is consistent with the statues set in front of the tombs of emperors and generals in China. The statue of a military commander in the center of the hall of Ma 'an Wells Palace, wearing armor (H. m:I) and holding a weapon, is of this type. In Wu Li's Buddhist temple, there are eighteen arhats, which can often be seen in Buddhist temples in China. There is a golden stone statue in Yue Lun Temple. He is half man and half bird in Manola's story. She wears traditional Thai clothes and has a Thai hairstyle, but her face is the beauty of China. This kind of art is obviously made by craftsmen in China. At the end of Lamar III's reign, China galleon withdrew from long-distance trade, marking the end of China's stone carving art export to Thailand.

In ancient medicine, with the continuous influx of Chinese, Chinese medicine gradually spread to Siam. As early as the establishment of Ayutthaya, Chinese immigrants here began to sell China's medicinal materials and medicines. At that time, the most respected doctor in Ayutthaya came from China, and the king's physician also came from China. Thai folks call Chinese medicine "Mo Jing" and Thai doctors "Moyetai", and doctors of the two countries learn from each other's strengths in medical practice. For example, among the drugs used by Thai doctors, Chinese medicine accounts for 30%; At the same time, they also used the diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine, such as looking, smelling, asking and feeling (qiè). Doctors in China also use herbs from Thai medicine to enrich the variety of herbs. In order to meet the needs of traditional Chinese medicine treatment, Thailand's medicinal material industry is booming. Li, from Dongli Township, dongxiang county, Guangdong Province, is "the first overseas Chinese to see a doctor for a client". He founded Li Tianshuntang drugstore in Bangkok, and his business is booming. His descendants inherited his career and became a famous "Yao Jiaxin".

China medical professionals infer that Thai medicine has been used by Chinese medicine practitioners for more than 500 years. During the long tribute trade between the two countries, many Thai goods were brought to China, and besides spices, many things were used as medicines. For example, Dalbergia odorifera (Dalbergia odorifera) has the functions of regulating qi, stopping bleeding, removing (dispersing) blood stasis (yū, blood does not circulate) and relieving pain; Pepper (jiāo) is warm (warming the spleen and stomach). The efficacy of reducing qi, resolving phlegm and detoxifying; Tortoise shell (Dà ià o, reptile, electricity-like, with a brown shell) can dissipate heat, detoxify and relieve alarm; Frankincense can promote blood circulation, eliminate diseases and relieve pain; Betel nut (binlāng) can kill insects, dissipate stagnation, reduce qi and promote blood circulation; Longxianxiang can promote qi circulation to stop bleeding, dissipate stagnation and relieve pain, and induce diuresis to relieve stranguria. Hyacinth can cure gale disease (leprosy) and dermatosis. Li Shizhen (A.D. 15 18 ~ 1593) was an outstanding physician in Ming Dynasty. He not only attached great importance to clinical practice, but also attached great importance to drug research. After 27 years of hard work, he finally wrote a book "Compendium of Materia Medica". The book contains 1892 drugs, including Udine and Sumu from Siam and Java. China's acupuncture (Ji incarnation) is also very popular in Thailand, and most of them are overseas Chinese medical workers.

Since the end of 18, there have been frequent economic and cultural exchanges between China and Siam. Every year, there are as many as 50 merchant ships sailing to Thailand from Shanghai, Ningbo, Xiamen and Chaozhou, and thousands of China people go to Thailand to do business with them. When traveling at sea, China businessmen often kill time by reading and talking about the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Later, the stories of the Three Kingdoms were gradually familiar and loved by Thais. In A.D. 1802, following the instructions of Rama I, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms was translated into Thai (Thai Samkirk, meaning Three Kingdoms) under the auspices of Long Ben, a minister proficient in Siam and Chinese. The Thai version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms is fluent in translation, beautiful in writing, popular in language and vivid in image, so it forms its own school, that is, the "Three Kingdoms Style", which has a considerable position in the history of Thai literature. This novel was widely copied and became a well-known work for women and children. Since Lamar II, dozens of China classical novels have been translated into Thai. Such as Popular Romance of the Western Han Dynasty, Water Margin, The Journey to the West's Dream of Red Mansions, Jin Ping Mei, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, Biography of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Popular Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Romance of Gods, Popular Romance of the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Romance of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Comments on the History of the Five Dynasties, Prequel to the Five Tigers, Yue Biography, Xue Dongzheng, Charge lightly, Dahongpao, Little Red Robe, Bao Long's Father-in-law Case, Qing Palace Romance, Yuan Qu and Wu Zetian Biography, etc.

In the early days, there was no Thai printing machine in Thailand. China's classical novels translated into Thai are mostly circulated in manuscripts and failed to be printed and published. In A.D. 1865, the westerners founded the Maurai Printing Company in Thailand, which printed 95 copies of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms for the first time and spread among the upper class. It was not until Rama VI (reigning1910 ~1915) published a large number of Thai newspapers and periodicals that the translations of China's classical novels were published by various newspapers and spread throughout Thai society.

The wide spread of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms has exerted a wide and profound influence on Thai literature. Thai poet Shun Tunpu (A.D. 1786 ~ 1855) wrote a long poem "Papamani", with about 65,438+ten thousand lines. Its hero is a professional flute player. Although he is an ordinary man, he finally conquered the enemy with superb artistic appeal. The poet used a lot of descriptive techniques in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, such as the paragraph about the water war, especially the two paragraphs in which Wei Niang planned to burn Papamani's boat and Papamani attacked the new city, which are very similar to the plot in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms in which Kong Ming and Zhou Yu designed to burn Chibi. There is also a passage in the poem: "Ask a doctor to treat the pain, remove the poison, scrape it with a knife, apply medicine to relieve pain, and stitch the wound", which is exactly the same as the story of "Guan Yunchang scraping the bone to cure the poison" in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In addition to writing and content, the style of The Three Kingdoms is also manifested in rhetoric. No matter in Thai literary works or in people's daily life, we can find traces of quoting some idioms in China's classical novels, such as "Good medicine tastes bitter, but advice is hard to hear", "Lucky people look at nature", "fireflies", "As blind as a bat" and "Seeing is believing".

China's classical novels have vivid plots, vivid characters and fascinating stories. Many Thai writers then put some wonderful contents into ballet or opera. Dance drama began in the era of Jessadabodindra. It is a Thai classic drama without a mask, which is divided into three types: inside the palace, outside the palace and folk. Among them, folk drama is the earliest popular form of dance drama, which is called Mallola drama in southern Thailand. Performed by actors, including dialogue, singing and dancing. Thai writers Payemajit Kasai and Gongpa Kasai Powoweicai have compiled many dance dramas, which are based on some stories in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, some of which are also based on the Romance of the Gods, Yue Biography and the newly edited Notes on the History of the Five Dynasties.

As early as the Ming Dynasty, there were many kinds of local operas in China and Fujian, and their performances also had their own characteristics. Artists often organize troupes to perform in Siam, which is warmly welcomed by local residents and overseas Chinese. The repertoire of the performance is rich and colorful, with comedies. Tragedy and puppet show. Euphemistic singing, beautiful music accompaniment and beautiful stage movements left an excellent impression on the audience. In A.D. 1602, an Englishman Smith who arrived in Pattani, a port city in southwest Thailand, witnessed a scene in which a China troupe funded by a wealthy businessman performed at a local celebration: the troupe "set up a stage in the street and performed costume dramas for the public ... The embroidery on the costumes of the actors was gorgeous, and the singing dispelled the dark clouds. ...