What is the origin of wine?

Wine refers to a beverage with an alcohol content of between 7 and 22 degrees, which is made by fermenting fresh grapes or grape juice in whole or in part. So, what is the origin of wine?

There are different records about the origin of wine in ancient books. It was born about 10,000 years ago, which is far from history. As we all know, wine is the product of natural fermentation. Shortly after the grapes ripened and fell to the ground, the peel broke, and the oozing juice came into contact with yeast in the air, resulting in meaningful wine. Our distant ancestors will certainly taste this natural product, so there is the first person to taste wine in the world. People pick up bowls made of animal skins or rough wood and sip the naturally fermented wild grape juice inside. This scene probably first appeared in the Paleolithic Age. When this became a habit, our alert and resourceful ancestors imitated the brewing process of natural biological instinct in various ways. In the Neolithic Age, people planted their own grapes and brewed wine. Therefore, from the perspective of modern science, the origin of wine has undergone a transformation from natural wine to artificial wine.

The eighth and ninth chapters of Genesis tell the story of Noah's drunkenness: Noah was one of countless descendants of Adam and Eve, and he believed in God very devoutly, so he became the ancestor of later generations. When God discovered that there was evil and greed in the world, he decided to send a big flood on the earth to destroy all evil creatures. Following the Lord's will, Noah chose all the plants (grapes) and animals on the earth, a male and a female, and took his three sons (Sim Sem, Khan Coham and Japhet) aboard a homemade wooden boat, which is the famous Noah's Ark. After 150 days of flood, in the seventh month and 17 days, the ark was placed on Ararat Mountain (in the eastern part of Turkey, in the border area between Armenia and Iran). After that, Noah began to cultivate the land, planted the first grape, and later began to make wine. One day, he was drunk alone in the tent. His son Khan found Noah lying naked and drunk on the ground, so he called Sim and Garfett. After two people holding robes, backwards into the tent, covering his father's back, didn't look at his father's naked body. Noah woke up and cursed Khan, asking God to make Khan's son Canaan a slave of the Garfitt family. I was rude after drinking, but I took it out on my son. What's more, I punished my grandson as a slave. Drinking without virtue seems to be the same all over the world.

Although the Bible doesn't mention whether Noah brought wine aboard, it seems to be inferred that besides thanking God, the first important thing in his heart is to grow CC grapes to make wine. Of course, Noah's winemaking is a Hebrew myth, not a fact.

As for the origin of wine, according to historical records, a large number of grape seeds were found in Transcaucasia near the Black Sea in the Neolithic Age 10,000 years ago, that is, in Arato (formerly known as Asia Minor), Georgia and Armenia, indicating that grapes were not only used for eating at that time, but also mainly used for squeezing juice to make wine. So there are different opinions about the origin of wine. Some say it's Greek, others say it's Egyptian. However, many historical sites were identified from Asia Minor and Egypt 10,000 years ago. Before reaching Greece and its islands, they spread to Crete in Greece, and then to Sicily in Europe, Italy, Provence in France, Libya in North Africa and the coastal areas of Spain. At the same time, this planting technology has been introduced from the Danube to Central Europe, Germany and other regions for a long time, which makes us define it as a traditional producing area today.

Usually, the wines produced in these areas are strictly regulated. In contrast, the origin is the New World, which means that with the voyage of Spanish and Portuguese explorers in the16th century, vineyards were established in the Central and South American countries where they arrived. Soon, the technology of grape cultivation was popularized in the west coast of the United States, Canada and South America, while South Africa began to have its first vineyard in the late17th century. Australia and New Zealand originally introduced South African varieties. There are also many historians who believe that wine-making originated in ancient Persia in 6000 BC, which is now Iran. The earliest grape cultivation began in the South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other parts of the former Soviet Union about 7,000 years ago. Later, with the spread of ancient wars and immigrants to other regions. First Egypt, then Greece.

It is also a large number of remains and relics found in ancient Egyptian tombs. In the Nile valley, from the excavated tombs, archaeologists found a pottery jar with a small round bottom, a thick round belly and a big neck at the top, which was used by ancient Egyptians to hold wine or oil. In particular, the reliefs clearly depict the planting, grape harvesting, brewing steps and drinking of ancient Egyptians, which has a history of more than 5,000 years. In addition, the words Ilp (Egyptian, meaning wine) are engraved on the hip flask produced in the ancient Egyptian kingdom. Western scholars believe that this is the beginning of human grape and wine industry. Hugh, a famous writer with wine as the theme? Hugh johnson once described that there were excellent wine tasting experts in ancient Egypt. They are like sherry producers or bordeaux wine brokers in the 20th century, and they can identify the quality of wine confidently and professionally.

As for Greece, it is the first country in Europe to grow grapes and make wine. Some navigators brought back grapes and wine-making techniques from the Nile Delta. Wine is not only the cornerstone of their splendid culture, but also an indispensable part of their daily life. There are many descriptions of wine in Greek Homer's epics (Iliad and Odyssey), and wine is often depicted as black in Iliad. And his understanding of the essence of life is also manifested in an idyllic vineyard full of black grapes. According to textual research, there was a very developed agriculture in the Aegean basin of ancient Greece, and people mainly planted wheat, barley, olives and grapes. Most of the grapes are used to make wine, and the rest are dried. Almost every Greek has the habit of drinking. The brewed wine is packaged in a specially shaped pottery jar for storage, trading and transportation. A large number of containers unearthed along the Mediterranean coast can explain the scale and route of wine trade at that time, which shows that wine was one of the important trade commodities at that time. During Mycenae (BC1600-1Kloc-0/00), grape cultivation in Greece was very prosperous, and wine trade reached Egypt, Syria, Black Sea, Sicily and southern Italy.

Wine is not only a trade commodity, but also a part of Greek religious ceremonies. 700 years ago, the Greeks held drinking celebrations to show their worship of the mythical Dionysus. The worship of Dionysos and the cultivation of grapes are common throughout Greece. Dionysus is the Greek Dionysus and one of the most important and complicated gods in Greece.

He is the son of Zeus and Semele in a strange environment. In Greece, the God Dionysus means happy life, games and grand festivals, because he likes to be surrounded by the noise of a priestess holding wine. The Greeks thought he was the patron saint of some kind of festival. On a new Athenian-style Bejiasi pottery bottle in 1 century AD, the scene of Dionysus, the god of wine, being drunk is engraved: a drunken wine god is supported by Satyrs, the god of forest, and his cup falls to the ground.

Bacchus is the Roman Dionysus, symbolizing wine and grapes, debauchery and debauchery. He is like Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, but he has little effect in Roman teachings, but he is especially worshipped by a few converts. In the mysterious atmosphere of bacchanalia, Christians danced the carnival Dionysian dance, so that the Roman Senate had to intervene to quell the chaos. With regard to the birth of Bacchus, an ancient bas-relief in the Vatican Museum recorded this scene: Jupiter took Bacchus out of the belly of the goddess Simlai and put it in his lap for three months. Little Bacchus came out of his father's leg after full term. At this time, Hermes, the animal husbandry god standing by, was holding clothes and preparing to deliver the baby. Then Palka, the three goddesses in charge of life and death, prayed for the newborn baby. 17 century, the famous Italian painter Canavaggio (1573- 16 10) created many images of Bacchus with his ruthless expression of truth.

In the 6th century BC, the Greeks introduced grapes to Gaul (present-day France) through Marseille Port, and introduced grape planting and wine-making techniques to Gaul. But at that time, the production of grapes and wine was not important in Gaul. After learning the techniques of grape planting and wine brewing from the Greeks, the Romans popularized wine in the Italian peninsula, which soon spread to Rome and spread throughout Europe through the hands of the Romans. In the first century AD, vines spread all over the Rhone Valley. In the second century, vines spread all over Burgundy and Bordeaux. In the third century, it reached the Loire Valley; Finally appeared in champagne and Moser Valley in the 4th century. Gauls, who used to love barley beer (cervoise) and honey wine (hydromel), soon fell in love with wine and became outstanding grape growers. Because the wine they produced was very popular in Rome, the Roman Emperor Du Mi ordered that half of the vines in Gaul be uprooted to ensure the local grape growers in Rome.

Wine is an inseparable part of Roman culture and has made great contributions to the economy of the Roman Empire. With the gradual expansion of the Roman Empire, grapes and wine quickly spread all over eastern France, Spain, southern England, the Rhine valley in Germany and the eastern Danube. During this period, some countries banned the cultivation of grapes, but wine is still very popular in Europe. After that, the agriculture of the Roman Empire gradually declined, and so did the vineyards. The ancient Romans liked wine, and some historians attributed the decline of the ancient Roman empire to the excessive drinking and racial degradation of the ancient Romans.

At the beginning of the 4th century, the Roman emperor Constantine officially and publicly admitted that _ _ _ _ _ _ needed wine for the mass ceremony and encouraged the planting of vines. When the Roman Empire perished in the 5th century, the Christian Institute of the divided Western Roman Empire (France, northern Italy and parts of Germany) recorded the process of grape harvest and wine making in detail. These detailed records are helpful to cultivate the most suitable grape varieties in specific agricultural areas. The development of wine in the Middle Ages benefited from Christ _ _ _ _ because in the Bible, wine is regarded as the blood of God, and Christ _ _ _ _ wine is regarded as the holy blood, an indispensable prop in important ceremonies, and also a product of luxury and joy. The Bible mentions wine 52 1 time.

At the last supper, Jesus said that bread is my flesh and wine is my blood. In many medieval oil paintings full of religious colors, almost all have similar scenes-drinking. Like many other art forms such as music, painting and literature, it was the church and monks who first promoted the improvement of wine-making technology. Church staff work on growing grapes and brewing wine. And wine finally spread all over the world with the footsteps of missionaries.

In 768-8 14 AD, CC Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Emperor who ruled the Western Roman Empire (Frankish Kingdom), also influenced the wine development since then. The great emperor foresaw the prospect of vineyards from southern France to northern Germany, and the famous Burgundy producing area Grandcru Corton-Charlemagne was his industry. The wine in Burgundy, France can be said to be a model of traditional French wine. But few people know that it originally came from the Cistercian Church.

The Godsworn of the Cistercian Church can be said to be an expert in medieval winemaking. This story originated from 1 1 12. At that time, a man named Bernard? Bernard de Fontaine's ascetic monk led 304 followers to defect from monasteries in cluny to Cordo, a grape-producing province in Burgundy, and established a new monastery in northern Bonn and Citeaux. The precepts of the Cistercian Church are very cruel. The average life expectancy of each monk is 28 years old. The main content of the precepts is to ask monks to smash stones in abandoned vineyards and taste the soil with their tongues. After Bernard's death, the power of the Cistercian church expanded to the public areas of Có rdoba province to make wine, and then to more than 400 monasteries all over Europe.

The Cistercian monks are addicted to the research and improvement of grape varieties. Lalou Bize-Leroy, an outstanding winemaker in Burgundy in the 20th century, believed that the Cistercian monks would identify the soil by tasting it. In fact, it was these monks who first put forward the concept of cru, that is, grapes with the same taste and style can be cultivated from the same soil. That is, they have cultivated the best grape varieties in Europe. In terms of wine-making technology, Cistercian monks are the source of traditional European wine-making spirituality. /kloc-Around the third century, with the prosperity of the Cistercian Church, the wines of the Cistercian monasteries all over Europe won higher and higher reputation. /kloc-in the 4th century, the bishops of avignon were particularly fond of Burgundy wine. The generous duke of burgundy Philip was a famous public relations officer for his wine: at the Catholic conference in Bruges in 1360, he provided the participants with as much wine as they could drink. Of course, Born's rare wine could only provide them with a little taste.

Drink less and believe (believe when drunk) is an immortal wine proverb. But since then, the first-class red Burgundy has never really developed on a large scale; Its history is rather that Pinot Noir, which grew on excellent soil in Cordoba province, can perfectly show its quality. Small batch production in small barrels is their game feature. Especially after the French Revolution in 1789, due to the dissolution of monasteries and the liquidation of old aristocratic estates, the vineyards in Burgundy were also torn down into parts.

By 15 and 16 centuries, the best wines in Europe were considered to be produced in these monasteries. /kloc-The tapestry of the 6th century describes the making process of wine, and the red wine produced in Burgundy is considered as the best wine. During this period, grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, North Korea and the United States.

After Columbus discovered the New World, Spanish and Portuguese colonists and missionaries brought European grape varieties to South America in the16th century and planted them in Mexico, California Peninsula and Alexandria. Later, the British tried to introduce grape cultivation techniques to the Atlantic coast of America. Unfortunately, the climate on the east coast of the United States is not suitable for growing grapes. Despite many efforts, the grape planting here failed due to the invasion of phylloxera, downy mildew and powdery mildew and the influence of climate conditions in this area. By the middle of19th century, some people planted European grape products on American grape plants by grafting technology, and used the immunity of American grapes to resist the diseases and pests of nodule aphids. At this point, the wine industry in Britain and America has gradually developed. At present, there are wine production in North and South America, and the famous wine producing areas are Argentina, California and Mexico.

After the Middle Ages, wine was regarded as the source and symbol of happiness. During the Renaissance, he created many masterpieces.

17, 18 century or so, France began to dominate the whole wine kingdom. Bordeaux and Burgundy wines are always the two pillars, representing the two main types of high-end wines: the massiness of Bordeaux and the elegance of Burgundy, which have become the basic criteria for wine making. However, the output of these two major producing areas is limited and cannot meet the needs of the whole world. So in the sixties and seventies after World War II, some wineries and winemakers began to look for suitable soil and similar climate around the world to grow high-quality grape varieties, develop and improve brewing technology, and make the whole world wine industry flourish. The United States and Australia, in particular, have adopted modern technology and market development skills to create today's colorful wine world trends. In terms of global division, there are basically two kinds: the new world and the old world. The New World represents wines developed from Europe, such as America, Australia, New Zealand, Chile and Argentina. The representatives of the old world are mainly France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal and other European countries with a history of more than 100 years.

In contrast, the tradition of growing grapes in Europe is longer, and most grape cultivation and wine-making techniques were born in Europe. In addition, the fundamental difference between the new world and the old world is that the wine in the new world tends to be industrialized, while the wine in the old world tends to be brewed by hand. Hand-brewed wine is the crystallization of a craftsman's labor, while industrial products are the products of technological process and standardized products that have been copied in large quantities.

So far, wine production is still the largest in Europe, and Italy ranks first in the world. Every year, a large number of wines are exported to France, Germany and the United States, ranking first in the world.