All unequal treaties in China

The treaties listed below are relatively important. In fact, in the more than 100 years since the Opium War in 1840, China was forced to sign 1,182 unequal treaties with foreign powers.

(1) "Treaty of Nanjing" (August 1842) - reparations, opening of five treaty ports, cessation of Hong Kong Island, and agreement on tariffs. (2) Annex to the "Treaty of Nanjing" (1843, including the "Five-port Treaty of Trade" and the "Treaty of Humen") - consular jurisdiction, one-sided most-favored-nation treatment, the privilege of leasing land, houses and permanent residence at treaty ports. (3) The Treaty of Wangxia (1844) between China and the United States - American warships can "inspect trade" at various Chinese trading ports; the United States has the right to "open hospitals and build churches" in trading ports. (Also includes the main provisions of the "Treaty of Nanjing") (6) The "Treaty of Whampoa" between China and France - allows French Catholics to preach freely in treaty ports. (7) "Tianjin Treaty" - Foreign ministers are stationed in Beijing, 10 treaty ports are opened, foreign warships and merchant ships can sail freely at the ports of the Yangtze River, foreigners can move inland, and compensation is paid. (8) "Beijing Treaty" - opened Tianjin, cut off Kowloon, allowed Chinese workers to go abroad, and paid compensation. (9) The Sino-Russian Treaty of Yuhun, the Treaty of Beijing, the Sino-Russian Treaty on the Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary, and the Treaty of Ili - cession of territory (omitted). (10) "Sino-French New Treaty" - the Qing government recognized France's colonial rule over Vietnam, opened commercial ports on the Sino-Vietnamese border, China should negotiate with France in building railways in Guangxi and Yunnan in the future, and France withdrew its troops from Keelung and Penghu. (11) The Treaty of Shimonoseki between China and Japan - ceded the Liaodong Peninsula (the three countries intervened and returned Liaoning), Taiwan, and the Penghu Islands to Japan, paid an indemnity of 200 million taels of silver, opened Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou, and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japan to Factories were opened in treaty ports, and products shipped to the mainland were exempted from mainland taxes. (12) "Xin Chou Treaty" - an indemnity of 450 million taels of silver; demarcating Dongjiao Minxiang as the "embassy boundary"; dismantling the Beijing-Daku forts, allowing all countries to send troops to garrison important places along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway; punishing the Boxer Rebellion Officials who participated in the anti-imperialist movement were permanently prohibited from establishing or joining anti-imperialist organizations, and officials who failed to suppress the anti-imperialist movement were dismissed from their posts; the Prime Minister's Office was renamed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking first among the six ministries; and the commercial treaty was revised. (13) "Twenty-one Articles" - Recognize Japan's takeover of all powers enjoyed by Germany in Shandong and expand them. It is required to extend Japan's lease of Lushun, Dalian, South Manchuria Railway, and Anfeng Railway to 99 years, and to recognize Japan's special rights in eastern Inner Mongolia in the southern part of the three northeastern provinces. It was stipulated that Hanyeping Company should be changed to a Sino-Japanese joint venture. It stipulates that China's coastal ports and islands may not be leased or ceded to other countries. The Chinese government employs Japanese as political, military, and financial consultants; the Chinese police and ordnance factories are jointly operated by China and Japan. (14) "Russian-Mongolian Agreement" - signed between Russia and the authorities of Outer Mongolia, stipulating that Russia will support the "autonomy" of Outer Mongolia and enjoy extensive privileges. (15) "Sino-Russian Statement" - signed by Yuan Shikai and Russia, stipulating that the Chinese government cannot establish rule, station troops or immigrate in Outer Mongolia.