Why has the Dadengxia Uprising, which lasted throughout the Ming Dynasty, been affected for hundreds of years?

Dateng Gorge is located in today's Guiping, Guangxi. It has been the capital of Xunzhou since the establishment of Guiping County in 502 AD, the first year of Liang Tianjian of the Southern Dynasty. In 1994, it was removed from the county and established as a city. In October 1996, it became a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Guigang City. There is also a more famous uprising site in the area where Dadeng Gorge is located, and that is the Jintian Uprising site of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Datengxia, as the crossing mouth of the Qianjiang River, now has the dam site of the Dadengxia Water Conservancy Project.

It got its name because it is said that there was a big vine in this place for people to climb across the river. Later, the Ming army cut off the big vine and carved the cliff wall "Edict to Yongtong Gorge".

Han Yong (November 22, 1422 - November 9, 1478)

The Datengxia Uprising in 1.268

If from the eighth year of Hongwu ( Counting from 1376 to 1644, the year of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Datengxia Uprising never stopped for 268 years. Of course, in the Qing Dynasty, the Dadengxia Uprising continued. Among so many uprisings, 9 uprisings were larger in scale. They are:

01. From the 19th year of Hongwu (1386) to the 28th year of Hongwu, the Xun 31 Eleven tycoon, Luo Lushan Yao and others broke out. People's uprising;

02. In the third year of Yongle (1405), the Yao people's uprising in Xun, Gui and Liu prefectures and the children's uprising led by Hu Tongsi and Wei Baozun in the thirteenth year;

03. From the fourth year to the seventh year of Xuande (1429), the uprising led by Duke Zhao;

04. The second year of Jingtai (1451), the uprising of the Yao people led by Hou Yaoer;

05. The Lan Shou style from orthodoxy to Chenghua, Hou Dagou leading the Yao and Zhuang people’s uprising, etc. Hou Dagou's uprising was the largest. In the first year of Chenghua (1465), Zhao Fu and others led an army of 160,000 to suppress the rebellion. Nearly 7,000 rebels were killed, and Hou Dagou was captured and sacrificed. Han Yong cut off Da Teng, changed Da Teng Gorge to Duanteng Gorge, and established Wu Jingzhou in its place. The next year, Hou Dagou's remaining tribe Hou Zhengang and Hu Gong returned and raised the banner of rebellion and persisted until the eighth year of Chenghua.

06. In the eleventh year of Zhengde (1516), Governor Chen Jin established a mutual market and allowed ethnic minority armed forces to collect taxes on merchant ships passing through the gorge, allowing merchant ships to pass through. Duanteng Gorge was changed to Yongtong Gorge.

07. In the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), Governor Wang Shouren suppressed the uprising of Hu Yuaner and Huang Gongbao, and more than 15,000 people were killed.

08. In the fifteenth year of Jiajing (1536), brothers Hou Shenghai and Hou Gongding led the Yao people to revolt.

09. In the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), Hu Fuji led his people to resist, but was suppressed the following year.

Datengxia Scenery 1

1. To be fair, the Datengxia Uprising against the Ming Dynasty was a synthesis of many mistakes such as the "border policy", "ethnic policy" and "economic policy" of the Ming Dynasty. .

Historically, people have talked about it in terms of “border” and “nation”. Let’s start with “economic policy”. If you read this article for a long time, you will have an understanding of "salt". To sum up, the overall policy of the Ming Dynasty's "salt policy" was: the production of salt was monopolized by the state, transportation was handled by merchants, and sales were monopolized by licensed merchants, and a system of off-site sales was implemented. The Ming government established agencies such as the Metropolitan Salt Envoy Department or the Salt Class Promotion Department to manage the production and sales of salt in various regions.

Interested readers can refer to:

Wang Shouren ended the century-old business war between Guangdong merchants, Gan merchants and Hui merchants and Huai merchants, and the weak Guangdong merchants actually won

"Power exploitation" and "white strips" were everywhere in business in the Ming Dynasty, and Xu Xuemo and Gao Gongdi resisted

Guangxi scholar Mr. Gao Yanhong once said, "The problem of salt supply was the crux of Guangxi's social economy at that time. Where." What's the reason? Mr. Gao said that Guangxi does not produce salt but relies on Guangdong salt. "Salt" became a means of control in minority areas, as pointed out in my book "The Silver Empire: Revealing the Old Accounts of the Ming Dynasty": "Tea" was used as a means to control Tibetans (Tibetans and Mongolians). Its properties are the same.

Because salt is a necessity, the Miao, Yao and Zhuang people in Guangxi who live in the deep mountains and old forests must overcome difficulties and obstacles to enter the plains and more populated areas. Therefore, the amount of salt has become a problem in areas with dangerous terrain. A sign of wealth. Most people rely on burning banana leaves to make ashes to pickle food, which shows the shortage of salt.

However, the local government responded with "equal treatment" of prices or even high prices or even embargoes. Anyone who is slightly dishonest will be punished with "forbidden salt".

In the north, due to trade issues and tea, the Ming Dynasty and the Mongols often had wars. In the mountainous areas of Guangxi in the south, conflicts also occurred over the "salt" issue. Of course, in the eyes of the rulers of feudal society, their actions were normal, and they could not think of better management methods.

Wang Shouren (October 31, 1472 - January 9, 1529)

2. Disputes between native officials and exiled officials, between native officials, and between the central and local governments Squeezing is also an important reason.

In the early Ming Dynasty, it was common for military fields to seize civilian fields. As everyone knows, for feudal rulers, the urgency of serving as soldiers and having nothing to eat was always detrimental to the stability of their rule. More urgent than ordinary people. Therefore, in the Dadengxia area, the chieftains' farming was bound to invade the people's fields.

In the article "Why seek Annan? Yongzheng's reform of the land and return to the land caused the Fifty Years' War, where did the anti-Qing rebels flee", we told about the Fifty Years War caused by the "return to the land" in the Yongzheng Dynasty. The historical facts of the war. Some readers said that Zhu Yuanzhang had started playing with it a long time ago. Actually this is not correct. During the Zhu Yuanzhang period, there was no targeted and step-by-step "reform and return" to the system that had existed in the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties.

In the thirteenth year of Hongwu (1380), Sicheng Prefecture Zhicen Shanzhong rebelled, and in the twenty-eighth year (1395) Longzhou Zhao Zongshou rebelled. After the former was pacified, some areas were "returned to local rule", while the latter was resolved peacefully without any "reformed rule".

The Ming Dynasty's "reforming native officials and returning them to local officials" only became a "conscious and step-by-step" behavior during the Wanli period. It took advantage of the opportunity of the extinction, conflict and even rebellion of native officials to change the hereditary status of native officials. Official appointed by the government. Before Wanli, the conflict between the central government and the chieftains was not deep. After Wanli, due to the "Zhang Juzheng Reform" and the political chaos of the late Ming Dynasty, the evil intentions of the chieftains became stronger and stronger.

The reason is also that there were 120,000 Ming troops stationed in Guangxi during the Hongwu Dynasty, but by the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), there were only 12,000. At the same time, the corruption of military officers is serious. As early as the Xuanzong period, Zhang Ben said this to Shangshu: Although there are many capable officers in Guangxi, there are only ten or two who are honest and capable, and eighty-nine are greedy and capable. (See "Records of Xuanzong" for details) Under the leadership of corrupt officials, do you think there can be no oppression?

The main problems before Wanli were the fights between chieftains, the fights between chieftains' sons, etc. The central government often "returned" certain areas of the defeated party.

Comprehensive

The above three categories of situations have aggravated the hardship of the people under the chieftain's governance. This is why the Dadengxia Uprising lasted so long.

It is precisely because of the three major contradictions that the central government of the Ming Dynasty neglected to use looser methods to solve the problem, such as the harmonious policy between ethnic groups, the use of cultural assistance, the removal of ethnic discrimination, and certain policies. Tilt and so on. The conflicts between chieftains and between chieftains' descendants also limited the strength of all parties when the central government suppressed the rebellion. For example, Guangxi wolf soldiers are very famous and were used by the Ming government in the anti-Japanese war. However, after entering the Dateng Gorge, they instead participated in the battles between local chieftains.