What is the phenomenon of using household registration to take the imperial examination in the history of Tang Dynasty?

During the Sui Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty, due to the initial establishment of the imperial examination system, the imperial examination and its participants had not yet achieved obvious advantages among all kinds of officials, the wind of writing papers and recommending them had not yet formed, and the examinations in the central provinces were relatively fair. Therefore, in the early Tang Dynasty, scholars were given a false name (that is, they left their hometown, went to other counties and counties to take the official examination to obtain the qualification of escort, and then went to Beijing to take the national examination, which was called by different names at that time). However, with the further development of the imperial examination system in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the number of candidates in the province was gradually out of balance with the regional proportion of the released States. In order to increase the chances of getting the first place in the exam, some candidates depend on prefectures and counties with high first place in the exam to achieve the purpose of walking. In 692, Wu Zhou granted heaven for three years, and there were cases in which a juren "lost his name, added punishment to his crime, or stole money in a false name" (the fifth selection of the general code). By the first year of Jinglong in Zhongzong (707), it was already "more and more rural tribute and more application rates". When the provincial trial was released, it was even impossible to tell whether it came from the place of origin. For example, Wang Wei, a great poet, did not take the solution test in Zhou Pu, but went to Zhaofu, Beijing to take the test. It is said that because Wang Weishan can play the pipa, he won the favor of a princess, and under the intervention of the princess, he got the solution of Jing Zhaofu (Wang Weiji), which should be a typical behavior of taking the solution by name. In fact, the phenomenon that Wang Wei took the provincial examination under an assumed name was very representative at that time. Jingzhao solution is the most concerned in the provincial examination, and its top ten is often equal to the provincial examination, which is known as "China equivalent solution". Therefore, Xiang Gong, represented by Xie, replaced imperial academy Xie's position, which broke the "great shame for Jinshi not to be supervised by the Second Prison before the beginning of the new century" (Tang Second Prison).

In view of the rampant phenomenon of cheating for the solution of juren, in the 19th year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (73 1), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty issued a decree that juren in Zhuzhou Township must take the township tribute examination in this province, and "there are no supplementary provisions to apply." ("Don Zhong") However, the trend of drawing inferences from others has not changed. During the Dali period, "candidates were not invited to try in the state, but were asked to gather in the capital", so that there were as many as "three or four out of ten" ("All Tang Wen" volume 355), especially the ethos of scholars "staying at Jingzhao House" was very common. After Zhenyuan, not because of birth, many people took an understanding, and even rural tribute was "alias tribute" ("Tang Yan's" xianggong "), and the phenomenon of cheating tribute was very common. Even Bai Juyi, a great poet, turned to his uncle who was an official in Xuanzhou when there was no hope of getting a solution in his hometown of Luoyang. Only when he got a solution from Xuanzhou did he become a scholar. This situation has not changed until the five dynasties, and the Taoist school still has "more juren than the Jingzhaofu school" (Yuan Gui Gong Ju Department of Bookstore).

Taking the liberty to send him to get a solution and sending him to imperial academy are two main methods commonly used in Tang and Five Dynasties. It is a typical "college entrance examination immigration" way to solve the problem by sending it. When participating in the provincial examination of the Ministry of Rites, the tribute juren from five townships in the Tang Dynasty must accept the household registration verification of the juren by the Ministry of Rites and the Ministry of Households. Therefore, if Juzi wants to get a solution in other states, he must rebuild his household registration in other states, and then he can check the household registration through the household registration department. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties, Juzi was often sent to other counties through various relationships, such as Jingzhao County. Among them, Fake Red Valley Township and Li Yugui are the most famous, and even in the later Tang Dynasty, this township was specially designated as a special household registration township in Juzi. In order to ensure the success of the solution, Juzi often takes advantage of the time difference of the state government test and takes part in the state government test several times in different states. Some candidates fail to pass the government examination in this pass, so they go to other states to take the government examination, and even want to take the government examination in imperial academy. Wu Zong once made it clear that "tributary juren should not get the solution from two governments", trying to limit the behavior of using the time difference between the two governments to rush to different governments to get the solution under false excuses. However, this situation has not been fundamentally changed, especially after the five generations of Juzi took the exam in Beijing, they often rushed to Beijing to take the imperial academy exam. It was not until the Song Dynasty unified the time of the state government examination that the possibility of taking the solution from the two governments was eliminated from the institutional level.

The biggest advantage of sending imperial academy is that his son can be solved without forging his household registration. This situation was typical in the Five Dynasties. Because of the five dynasties war, it is difficult for them to go back and forth between Beijing and Benguan to find a solution. Therefore, in the third year of Qing Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty (936), it was stipulated: "Attached to the prison, according to August 1 last year, it must be interpreted by this department. If not, the supervisor will be allowed to accompany them in the second year. If the name of the first candidate has not been ordered to be resolved by the department, the supervisor should not accept more compensation after the first candidate. People from Huainan, Jiangnan, Guizhou and Sichuan are not limited to this case, and the etiquette department is in charge of making supplementary orders. " (Yuan Gui, Gong Ju Department of Bookstore) So they tried to get rid of the loopholes in the system and try to enter imperial academy first, so as to get rid of imperial academy and take part in the provincial examination.

The main reason for cheating in the imperial examination in Tang Dynasty lies in the imbalance of political, cultural and economic development in various regions. Jingzhao Mansion and Henan Mansion in the Tang Dynasty are the political and cultural centers of the whole country, the gathering places of senior officials, scholars and celebrities, and have the best educational resources in the country. In addition, the reputation of recommending, writing and extending imperial examinations prevailed in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Juzi took the opportunity of being born in both capital city, handing over power to celebrities, and seeking the Chief Secretary to seize the opportunity to enter the department by all means. So that "the land of Beijing, the gathering of clothes, the birth of children, the name of the body, calmly attached to the meeting, without effort" ("General Dian Xuan Dian V").

Although the amount paid by the States in the Tang Dynasty is not much different from that in the Song Dynasty, there are still cases where the amount paid is small and the amount paid is large. In the early Tang Dynasty, the record of payment was not clear. In February of the twenty-fifth year of Kaiyuan, there was a saying: "Yingzhou Gongshi: there were three tribute workers in Shangzhou, two in Zhongzhou and one in Zhouxia; There must be, and there is no limit. " (Tang Yan Gong Ju Lige Parallel Rural Drinking) In the 28th year of Kaiyuan, there were 328 states in China. If the average number of people in each state is two, then the number of people in China should be 656. However, in fact, Jing Zhao's solution is far beyond the level of three people, and dozens of people are sent off every time, sometimes even exceeding 100. The solution rate of Jing Zhao in the provincial examination is also the highest. The world calls Jingzhao "the first-class record of China" and "the top ten people" as "the first class" ("Tang Yan Jing Zhao Xie Fang"). So much so that Liu Zongyuan said with emotion: "Jing is a hundred-year-old scholar and often opposes a hundred counties. "This social atmosphere will inevitably lead to an increase in mailing behavior.

The appearance of impersonation in the Tang Dynasty was also influenced by the imperial examination system. In the Tang Dynasty, Juzi could take the initiative to take part in the imperial examinations in his own hands. Juzi often gets recommendations from other states by throwing thorns and expanding his reputation, so throwing thorns is also called "rural tribute", "seeking for promotion", "getting a solution" and "getting a solution". Therefore, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, in order to get recommendations from the countryside, Juzi traveled to various states with his poems in order to win more opportunities for recommendation. For example, Shen Yazhi, a Wuxing person, "strives for tribute to the county" and "every county is changeable", and finally rose to the first place with Zhao Jing. Some families with insufficient services, criminal acts and unhealthy moral character often "steal money" to obtain the qualification of accompanying. In addition, the difference in the amount of funding from state to state also affects the choice of solving problems in other States. For example, observation in Jiangxi made Nakagawa regard recommending sages as an urgent task. After the government test, he was divided into three levels: Yuan, Yuan and Hai Fu. Xie Yuan gave 300,000 yuan, Fu Xie gave 200,000 yuan, and the sea did not decrease100,000 yuan. As a result, many people came to Jiangxi to solve problems.

In view of the increasing prevalence of impersonation, the government also took some measures to curb it during this period. For example, we try to establish a system of paying family status and mutual guarantee to limit impersonation and sending letters. In the Tang Dynasty, state, county and library schools had to review their household registration and settle down. In order to further tighten the examination discipline, the five cases of Huichang four-year ritual department stipulated: "After today, after the juren is admitted to the ritual department, I hope the first three will protect themselves." It plays an important role in preventing the fraud of raising children; To some extent, it also restricts Juzi's disciplinary action to ensure the other party's disciplinary action. These measures have achieved certain governance effects, but as long as the educational resources in different regions are unbalanced and the defects in the examination still exist, this phenomenon cannot be cured, so the behavior of impersonating students is always consistent with the imperial examination system.