Application of soil and water conservation concept in water conservancy project design?

With the development of China's economy and the progress of the overall level of water conservancy and hydropower projects, the ecological concept of soil and water conservation is more and more widely used in the design of water conservancy projects. In order to solve the ecological and environmental problems caused by soil erosion, the concept of soil and water conservation has been applied to the design of water conservancy projects. By optimizing the structural design, slope protection design and earthwork balance design of water conservancy projects, soil erosion in water conservancy projects can be effectively prevented, which can provide reference for the sustainable development of water conservancy projects and ecological environment.

Water conservancy projects can control and allocate natural surface water and groundwater resources, thus eliminating pests and promoting benefits. However, water conservancy projects are often large-scale and time-consuming, and it is easy to affect the local ecological environment during construction. At present, the concept of sustainable development has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the construction of water conservancy projects in China has also begun to integrate with the concept of sustainable development. People's livelihood water conservancy and ecological water conservancy have become the focus of attention. Applying the concept of soil and water conservation to the design of water conservancy projects can reduce soil erosion and environmental damage, which is of great significance to ecological water conservancy construction.

1 Soil erosion characteristics of water conservancy projects

1. 1 soil erosion characteristics of water conservancy projects

Point water conservancy projects such as reservoirs and water control projects have the characteristics of large quantities, complicated procedures and long construction time. Due to the long construction period, natural disasters such as typhoon and rainstorm are prone to occur in the construction area, and soil erosion is also easy to be induced. Water conservancy projects are mostly built in areas with inconvenient transportation. Before construction, it usually takes a long time to prepare, such as leveling the construction site and building access roads, so the engineering quantity and construction are difficult. At this stage, we must do a good job in preventing soil erosion to avoid destroying the surface vegetation. In addition, the overall construction of water conservancy project is not only the main construction of the project, but also the construction of water conservancy flooded area and resettlement area, so the water conservancy project occupies a large area of land, which is adversely affected by the project, and the vegetation is seriously damaged, resulting in soil erosion.

1.2 soil erosion characteristics of linear water conservancy projects

Channels of water conveyance projects and irrigation projects are common linear water conservancy projects, and the construction routes of such projects are relatively long, ranging from tens of kilometers to hundreds of kilometers. In such a long construction route, there are many landforms such as plains, hills, canyons, etc., so it is necessary to build scattered borrow yards and waste rock yards. Therefore, it is easy to cause soil erosion around linear water conservancy projects.

2 the role of the concept of soil and water conservation in water conservancy projects

In recent years, environmental pollution, ecological destruction and other issues have become increasingly prominent, and China has paid more attention to environmental issues, especially soil erosion, a key environmental issue. Soil and water conservation is of great significance for controlling soil erosion, especially in areas with serious soil erosion and fragile ecological environment. Zigui County, Hubei Province is located in the dam head of the Three Gorges reservoir area, 1982. Due to environmental damage, 2030 square kilometers of soil erosion. After the improvement of soil and water conservation measures, by 2002, the area of soil and water loss was reduced to 1253.56438+0 km2. About 5 million tons of soil is eroded into rivers every year in China, resulting in soil erosion of 2 1.70t/km2. There are many other areas with serious soil erosion, such as Lianghe, Shetan and Mao Ping. Among them, the slight loss is nearly 70km2, the moderate loss is nearly 460km2, and the strength loss is over 725km2. People in this area should attach great importance to the problem of soil erosion. Applying the concept of soil and water conservation to water conservancy projects will effectively reduce soil erosion. The functions of the concept of soil and water conservation in water conservancy projects are as follows: First, it can effectively prevent various natural disasters, such as mudslides and landslides, and reduce the damage of natural disasters to water conservancy projects. Second, the concept of soil and water conservation can prompt the construction of water conservancy projects to intercept more sediment and increase the water storage capacity of ponds and reservoirs, so as to control soil erosion and improve project efficiency. At the same time, it reduces the siltation of lakes and reservoirs and effectively prolongs the service life of water conservancy projects. Thirdly, if the concept of soil and water conservation is applied to the construction of water conservancy projects, flood disasters will be reduced, soil infiltration will be increased, and the annual change of runoff in dry season will be smaller, which can supplement runoff and improve flood control ability in wet season. Fourthly, with the implementation of the concept of soil and water conservation, the quality of water environment will be improved. Soil and water conservation is based on the protection of water sources, and comprehensive management of small watersheds is conducive to ecological restoration. In a word, applying the concept of soil and water conservation in the design of water conservancy projects can effectively build a complete ecological environment protection system, improve the local environment and promote the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

3 Application measures of soil and water conservation concept in water conservancy project design

3. 1 optimization of engineering structure design

In the structural optimization of water conservancy projects, the concept of soil and water conservation is applied to control the amount of earth and stone disturbed by the surface and excavated and filled in a small range. For different hydraulic engineering structures, different structural design schemes should be adopted to reduce soil erosion. ① When designing the reservoir dam, the concrete dam has the least impact on the surrounding environment, so this kind of engineering structure should be given priority. At the same time, consider whether the local topography, hydrology, geology and other conditions meet the basic requirements of the engineering structure. If the concrete dam cannot be used, consider using other engineering structures such as face rockfill dam; (2) In the design of water conveyance project, for some canal sections, such as deep excavation canal section and high filling canal section, we should focus on the comparison of high filling scheme, aqueduct scheme, tunnel scheme and deep excavation scheme, give priority to aqueduct or tunnel scheme, reduce large excavation and backfilling, control the project cost, reduce the damage to the surrounding environment and prevent soil erosion; ③ In cofferdam design, steel cofferdams with good structural stability should be given priority, and the application of traditional earth-rock cofferdams should be reduced; ④ In dike engineering design, the traditional dike usually adopts the slope ratio of 65,438+0 ∶ 3, but the final design slope ratio should be determined according to the actual situation on site and a lot of calculations. For example, the slope ratio of some dikes can be designed as 1∶2 to reduce soil erosion. In a word, the design method of the above engineering structure fully embodies the application of the concept of soil and water conservation, reduces the amount of muck and soil in the construction of water conservancy projects as much as possible, and protects the ecological landscape around the water conservancy projects.

3.2 Optimization of engineering slope protection design

The main measures for slope protection in water conservancy projects include masonry slope protection and shotcrete slope protection. If the concept of soil and water conservation is fully applied to slope protection, spray mixing plants, honeycomb grid planting grass and other forms of slope protection can be adopted, which can not only beautify the ecological landscape, but also reduce soil erosion. For example, Sichuan Guodian Daduhe Hydropower Station adopts high slope protection. Spraying mixed plants for slope protection in the downstream approach channel of the fifth-class lock of the Three Gorges Project. Therefore, in the design of slope protection, the form of slope protection must be designed objectively and scientifically in combination with the actual situation of the project, so as to maintain the ecological landscape and control soil erosion.

3.3 Optimize the earthwork balance design.

In the construction of water conservancy projects, the balance of earthwork is of key significance, which is closely related to the amount of waste slag and soil taken from water conservancy projects. Therefore, when designing earthwork balance, we should put the concept of soil and water conservation into it, reduce borrowing earthwork as much as possible, and use digging instead. At the same time, designers should also fully understand the earthwork volume of other processes and rationally optimize the earthwork balance of each process. For example, in dike engineering, some earthwork is used to clear the foundation, so it is necessary to analyze the possibility of its direct utilization; In addition, when using these earthwork, we must comprehensively consider a variety of uses, such as reducing the amount of waste residue in the lime mixing process and reducing the amount of soil required. In addition, in the water diversion channel project, the design should also follow the concept of soil and water conservation, optimize the channel elevation, do a good job in earthwork balance design, and control backfilling and excavation.

4 conclusion

To sum up, China has invested a lot of thoughts and sweat in the construction of ecological water conservancy projects. In the design and construction of water conservancy projects, we should adhere to the ecological concept of soil and water conservation and apply it to the construction of water conservancy projects. Based on the analysis of the ecological impact of soil erosion, a more eco-friendly water conservancy project was designed. In the process of water conservancy project design, designers should be able to take effective measures to adjust the project design scheme, ensure the effective prevention and control of soil erosion in water conservancy project construction, and lay a good foundation for the effective restoration of local ecological environment, which not only has an important impact on water conservancy project construction, but also has important significance for the regional and national ecological environment.

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