Details invented by scientists.

The most influential invention of the twentieth century

The twentieth century is coming to an end. Looking back on the past century, AFP has joined several other world-famous communications.

Society, named as the biggest influence on human life.

Steam engine: promoted the development of the whole industrial revolution.

Traditional horsepower or water power cannot provide the power needed for the industrial revolution, and the development of steam engine energy is the world belt.

More effective and powerful motivation is coming. Although the ancients began to explore this aspect in the 2nd century BC,

But it was not until Watt's steam engine was put on the market that the commercial value of the steam engine was really opened. Many historians believe that,

The development of the steam engine is one of the most important inventions of the industrial revolution, because the appearance of the steam engine has driven metallurgy, coal mines and

The development of textile industry. The appearance of steam engine and the mechanization of textile industry increased the iron consumption of industry. Thanks to the support of Britain

Iron ore and coal mines are abundant, and the increase in demand has stimulated the improvement of iron smelting technology and coal mining industry, and also accelerated the work.

The pace of industrialization. The steam engine train appeared in 1804, and the steam engine boat appeared in 1807, which greatly improved the transportation strip.

Pieces, assisted the development of the industrial revolution.

Aircraft: when people evaluate the contribution of aircraft to mankind, they often regard it as the most dazzling invention of the twentieth century.

1903, the Wright brothers, who were cyclists, built the first airplane with an engine in human history. 19

In 30 years, Frank whittle, a British mechanical engineer, registered the first patent of jet engine, which was very clever.

The Germans used this technology to build the world's first jet plane, and successfully made its first flight in 1939.

Fly. 1949, the British comet -I jet flight was officially put into operation. Many Americans have latecomers.

In the ascendant, its Boeing family is in the limelight in aviation competition, and the Boeing -747 large passenger plane is fast, comfortable and safe.

Completely reliable has won the favor of airlines. According to the prediction of aircraft design experts, the aircraft in the next century will be

More passengers, faster speed, safer and more reliable. It is reported that the United States is designing a giant super aircraft carrier with 700 passengers.

The sonic passenger plane replaces the Concorde supersonic passenger plane built by Britain and France with a speed of 2 160 km/h.

Cars: keep pace with the times.

Cars have changed the whole traffic situation of human beings, and they have become the symbol of every industrial power.

Cars have gone through such a history: 177 1 year, France Lianzhu designed a steam engine tricycle; France, 1860

Renault, a native of China, made a car engine with gas as fuel; 1885, one for German Ben Ci and one for Daimler.

Since the completion of locomotives equipped with high-speed gasoline engines and three-wheeled vehicles equipped with two-stroke gasoline engines, they have been successful again.

Enterprise; 1908, Ford of the United States adopted the assembly line with low price, high safety and high speed for mass production.

Fast model t. Cars began to spread; 19 12 Cadillac introduced electronic ignition starter.

Let women fall in love with cars; 1926, Daimler Ben Ci, the world's first automobile manufacturing company, was established;

1934, the first front-wheel drive car came out; 1940, the war caused many car manufacturers to stop production, and European car dealers

Started to turn to the production of military vehicles; In 1950s, Volvo's carapace car in Germany became the most popular model.

Cars; 1970-2000, Japanese cars were popular in Asia, and Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and Nissan had extremely high technology content.

Small cars invaded the European and American markets, rewriting the monopoly position of European and American brands.

In fact, the invention of the automobile greatly improved human mobility and broadened human vision in the 20th century.

Open, more free. Of course, the development of automobile industry has also brought land resources and air pollution to the road network.

There are also high fares, but in any case, the car does take human beings forward and run forward.

Television: the "devil" created by human beings themselves

Modern people can eat and drink for a day, but they can't watch TV for a day.

The idea and theory of TV appeared as early as 1870. 1884, founded by German inventor Paul NiePukov.

Count the whole perforated "scanning disk". When the disk rotates, the small holes break the scene into small points, which are very small.

Then, these points are converted into electrical signals, and the receiver at the other end recombines these signals into the same but rough image as the original image.

1926, the scot John Beaumond made a camera with Pukov's "big disc".

The TV that really creates a stable picture immigrated from Russia to the United States and was born in

Philo farnsworth, Utah, USA. 1932, BBC broadcasts the world's first standardization.

Television programs. 1939 World Expo, the world's first real clear TV appeared, and TV was really born.

I had a baby. Since then, mankind has begun to step into the television era. Today, people use satellites, cables, air-to-air transmitters and so on.

The way to spread TV signals to every corner of the earth.

Telephone: Opening a New Chapter in the History of Human Communication

"Mr. Watson, please come at once. I need help!" This is Alex, inventor of March 1876 telephone.

Alexander bell successfully delivered the first sentence by telephone, and the telephone was born, thus opening the history of human communication.

A whole new chapter.

1973 realized the dream of wireless communication in new york, USA. At that time, it was the first in the world.

This practical mobile phone is large in size and weighs 1.9 kg, so it is a veritable "mobile phone". Today, 26 years later, the world

The smallest mobile phone was born, only as big as a pager and much lighter than the first generation.

1964 is another important turning point in the history of human communication. This summer, thousands of viewers around the world passed.

For the first time, I watched the live broadcast of the Tokyo Olympic Games in Japan via satellite. This is the first time in human history.

Once, people not only lamented the spectacular opening ceremony of the Olympic Games by watching the events thousands of miles away on TV screens at the same time.

And all kinds of competitions are even more amazed at the progress of science and technology. All this is due to harold rosen's invention of the earth.

Stepping satellite.

1in the summer of 969, the embryonic form of the internet appeared in the United States. It consists of four computer websites, one of which is in Canada.

State university campus, and the other three are in Nevada. 1972, the experimenter sent the first message on the experimental network for the first time.

Sub-mail, which marks the beginning of the combination of Internet and communication. In the 1990s, the Internet began to turn.

Commercial use. 1995 ushered in the first climax of network development, known as the International Internet Year. In e-commerce

Driven by the tide, the Internet will have a far-reaching impact on human society in the 2 1 century.

Penicillin: People call penicillin the most contribution medicine in this century, and its inventor is British bacteriologist Julia.

Alexander fleming. In 1928, the inventor stumbled upon something that was later discovered in the bacterial culture experiment.

The mold called penicillin is devouring the bacteria he cultivated in the Petri dish. According to Fleming's research results, Britain

After ten years' efforts, researchers at Oxford University finally found a way to extract this mold and put it into medicine.

Therapeutic trials. 1943, in order to treat soldiers injured in World War II, the Allies began to put penicillin into industrial production.

For more than half a century, penicillin has saved countless lives, prompting people to pay attention to the study of antibiotic family.

Research and development.

Nuclear fission: the atomic age began at 1942. In order to defeat Axis fascism, the highest authorities in the United States decided to start.

The Manhattan Project aimed at developing atomic weapons. At the end of the year, as part of the Manhattan project, the first

A nuclear reactor was built and put into operation under a sports facility at the University of Chicago. 19 July 45, 16, a.

A mushroom cloud rises at the Atomic Energy Research Center in Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, ranking first in the world.

An atomic bomb exploded successfully. On August 6th and 9th of that year, the United States named two of them "Fat Man" and "Little Man" respectively.

The boy's atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. In an instant, two beautiful cities were razed to the ground and killed.

Thousands of innocent people were killed. The Japanese emperor then declared unconditional surrender, and the atomic bomb seemed to have won World War II.

General Li made great contributions, but he didn't know that human beings lived in the shadow of terrible atomic weapons from now on. Today, peace-loving

People call for the peaceful use of atomic energy to benefit mankind, but in the face of the nuclear arsenal of superpowers, people can't help wondering,

Will the "mushroom cloud" rise in the next century?

Computer: the hope of the future of mankind

Computer is the foundation of human society entering the information age, but it was born because of war. 1943, used for rest

British mathematician alan turing translated German code and designed the first electromechanical computer named "Giant".

Although this is only an imaginary computer for decoding, it has pioneered the development of computer technology. Since then,

The development of computer technology changes with each passing day.

1February 4, 946, representatives of the US military, government departments and famous scientists crowded together in Pennsylvania.

In a room in the university. When an army general gently pressed the button, the machine that occupied three walls immediately lit up.

Get up, people applauded warmly and cheered loudly: "Eniak is alive!" " "Congratulations to the chief engineer, Kurt.

"ENIAC" is the first computer in the world.

1947, the transistor computer came out; 1959, the integrated circuit computer was born; 1970, with science

Calculation, data processing and process control functions generated by large-scale integrated circuit computer; Since the 1980s, new

A new generation of microcomputers integrating information collection, storage, processing, communication and artificial intelligence has sprung up all over the world.

On the one hand, it helps human beings to explore unknown fields and acquire new knowledge. On this basis, mankind has ushered in a new network.

In the era, the voice of "network computer" sounded everywhere, and the earth has since become a veritable "global village".

Gene: The Eternal Password to Solve Life

10 years ago, the scientific community predicted that 2 1 century would be the century of genetic engineering. What has human genetic engineering experienced?

What is the main course? 1866, Austrian geneticist Father Mendel discovered the genetic law of living things. 18

1968, Swiss biologist Friedrich discovered that the nucleus has two parts: acidity and protein. Acid fraction

Later called DNA；; 1882, German embryologist Walter Fleming discovered when studying salamander cells.

The nucleus contains a large number of divided linear objects, that is, later chromosomes; 1944, American scientific research

Researchers have proved that DNA is the genetic material of most organisms, not protein.

1953 On February 28th, the famous British geneticist francis crick announced to the Eagle Association of Cambridge University.

Said he "discovered the secret of life". Crick and his American counterpart james watson have been working together for many years.

With the research of life science, the double helix molecular knot of deoxyribonucleic acid, which determines the inheritance of life, has finally been discovered from the nucleus.

Structure, deciphered the genetic code of humans, plants and animals. This discovery initially reveals the secret of life and makes people strong.

The research and treatment of various diseases have also promoted human research on improving food structure. In the first 20 years of the next century,

In 2000, it became possible for human beings to eliminate gene defects by gene therapy, and then to overcome cancer, heart disease and hematological diseases.

Friends' diseases, diabetes and other fatal diseases. Undoubtedly, the achievements of human research on the molecular structure of DNA are

It has played a great role in studying life and treating diseases, but it also makes people face the moral problems caused by it.

Crisis, such as the development of cloning technology, has brought a problem to mankind.

1980, the first transgenic mouse was born; 1996, the first cloned sheep was born; 1999,

American scientists have cracked the sequence map of the 22nd human genome. Future plans can be made according to the gene map.

Effectively prescribe drugs for related diseases.

Contraceptive pill: 1954, American doctor gregory pincus invented the contraceptive pill, which consists of two female inhibitors.

A hormonal mixture that promotes ovulation. Contraceptive pills are listed as one of the greatest scientific achievements in the 20th century.

The reason is that it liberates women from passive childbirth, which leads to meaningful sexual and social aspects.

Profound changes. With birth control pills, women can control their fertility and decide whether they want them or not according to their own wishes.

Children, decide when to get pregnant according to their own situation. More importantly, it breaks the shackles that prohibit women's sexual freedom.

Give them the right to go out of the family and participate in social work, and finally expand women's social, political, economic and cultural levels.

The influence of.

A big step in the history of human space.

American astronaut Armstrong famously said when he landed on the moon, "For an individual, this is just a small step;

For human beings, this is a big step to "stay firmly in the hearts of people on earth".

1at 4 o'clock on July 20, 969, 500 million TV viewers around the world saw the "black" picture, which

Deep down came a voice from outer space: "Houston, this is Jinghai base, and the eagle cabin has landed!" " "receive

Down, two astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin on the American Apollo 1 1 spacecraft asked Hugh.

Winston Space Center: "We don't want to rest for four hours. We want to go to the moon at once. " Houston replied, "Agreed to stand.

That is, landing on the moon. "Then Armstrong stepped back and began to climb down the ninth ladder slowly. It is watched by 500 million people all over the world.

In this scene.

Landing on the moon is indeed a great progress in human space science and technology, because just like Colonel Cernan, the last man landed on the moon.

Said: "Looking at the earth from the moon, you can't see any national boundaries. I think the earth is a whole, my whole. "

An idea will be broadened. "