Open book history review materials for seventh grade students

Grade 7 Chinese History Volume 1 Final Review Outline

(1) The Origin of Chinese Civilization:

1. The earliest known human beings in our country are Yuanmou Man. Found in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, it dates back 1.7 million years.

2. About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, the Beijingers living in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, were able to make and use tools and use natural fire. Labor began in the evolutionary process from apes to humans. played an important role.

3. Residents of Hemudu in the Yangtze River Basin grow rice (my country is the first country to grow rice), commonly use ground stone tools, and live in stilt-style houses; residents of Banpo in the Yellow River Basin grow millet (my country is the first country to grow rice). The country where millet was first cultivated), ground stone tools were widely used, and a large number of pottery was unearthed in Banpo. They lived in semi-crypt-style houses and used pottery with a red background and patterns on it, which is called painted pottery.

4. Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang are the leaders of the legendary Yellow River tribal alliance. After they jointly defeated Chi You, the two tribes united to form the main body of the Chinese nation. Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang are called the "humanistic ancestors" of the Chinese nation.

5. When Yao, Shun, and Yu became the leaders of the tribes in the Yellow River Basin, the method used by the tribal alliance to elect leaders was called the "concession system." Dayu was a flood control hero in the legendary era.

(2) The emergence of the country and social changes:

1. In 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty; Xia was the first slave country in the history of our country. After Yu's death , his son Qi inherited his father's throne, and from then on the hereditary system replaced the abdication system; Tang established the Shang Dynasty in 1600 BC, and Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin in the 14th century BC, and future generations also called the Shang Dynasty Yin; in 1046 BC the Zhou Dynasty King Wu defeated Zhou in the Battle of Muye, established the Western Zhou Dynasty, and implemented the feudal system. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyi and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty began. There were three tyrants in Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou: Jie of Xia, Zhou of Shang, and King Li of Western Zhou.

2. The content of the feudal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: (Purpose) In order to consolidate the slave owners' power, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the feudal system. (Content) The emperor of Zhou distributed the land and people to relatives, meritorious officials, etc., made them vassals, and established many vassal states. The princes must obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou, pay tribute to the Emperor, lead troops to fight with the Emperor, and meet with the Emperor regularly. (Function) The Western Zhou Dynasty strengthened its rule by enfeoffing princes and became a slave country with a vast territory.

3. The period from 770 BC to 476 BC was the Spring and Autumn Period in the history of our country. The Spring and Autumn Period was the period of disintegration of our country’s slave society. During the Spring and Autumn Period, various vassal states continued to fight for hegemony. Those who successively fought for hegemony included Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Xianggang of Song, Duke Wen of Jin, Duke Mu of Qin, and King Zhuang of Chu. They were known in history as the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period." In 651 AD, Duke Huan of Qi met with the princes in Kuiqiu and became the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.

4. The period from 475 BC to 221 BC was the Warring States period in history and the formation period of my country’s feudal society. Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin appeared. Known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period". In 260 BC, the Changping War broke out between Qin and Zhao. From then on, the six eastern countries were no longer able to resist the Qin army's attack.

5. The use of iron tools and cattle farming during the Spring and Autumn Period greatly improved production efficiency. Dujiangyan, built by Li Bing, the governor of Shu County in the Qin State, is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project in the middle reaches of the Minjiang River. (Function) It eliminated floods in the Minjiang River and irrigated large areas of farmland, giving the Chengdu Plain the reputation of "Land of Abundance".

6. Among the reforms during the Warring States Period, the most influential was the Shang Yang Reform of Qin State. In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang's reform: (Content) The state recognized the private ownership of land and allowed free buying and selling; rewarded farming and warfare, and those who produced more grain and cloth were exempted from corvee; awarded titles and land and houses based on military merit, and abolished the old nobility without military merit. privileges; the county system was implemented and the monarch directly sent officials to govern. (Function) After the reform, the Qin State became rich and powerful, its national strength greatly increased, and its army's combat effectiveness continued to increase. It developed into the most prosperous and powerful feudal country in the late Warring States Period, laying a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of the six countries.

7. During the Warring States Period, various countries underwent reforms and the feudal system was gradually established. The landlord class replaced the rule of the slave-owning aristocracy. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class became the main contradiction in society. The feudal society of our country was formed.

8. The characters of the Shang Dynasty were carved on tortoise shells or animal bones, which are called "oracle bone inscriptions". Oracle bone inscriptions are quite mature, and today’s Chinese characters were developed from oracle bone inscriptions. The written history of our country begins with the Shang Dynasty. The characters engraved on the bronzes of the Shang Dynasty were called "bronze inscriptions" and "inscriptions". In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the "big seal script" appeared. During the Warring States Period, people began to use brushes dipped in ink to write on bamboo slips and silk.

9. The Shang Dynasty was the splendid period of my country's bronze civilization. The famous ones include: the Simuwu Ding unearthed from Yin Ruins, which is the largest bronze ware discovered in the world and the Four-Yang Square Zun. The earliest recorded solar eclipse in my country was in the Xia Dynasty. The Xia Dynasty had a calendar. By the Shang Dynasty, leap months appeared. During the Warring States Period, people determined the twenty-four solar terms.

10. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He could treat diseases with acupuncture, massage, and decoction. He also summarized the four methods of diagnosing diseases by looking, smelling, asking, and cutting, which have always been used by traditional Chinese medicine. Qu Yuan, a native of the Chu state during the Warring States Period, absorbed the essence of folk songs and used the Chu dialect to create a new style of poetry - Chu Ci style.

Qu Yuan's masterpiece is "Li Sao", a long lyrical poem that has been passed down through the ages. The World Peace Council designated him as a world cultural celebrity.

11. Confucius is the founder of Confucianism. He advocated "benevolence", "propriety", "educating the people with virtue", "ruling the country with propriety", founded private schools, taught students in accordance with their aptitude, and taught everyone without distinction. Teacher, there is a book called "The Analects of Confucius". Mencius advocates "benevolent government to the people" and "the people value the monarch over others"; Zhuangzi advocates "conforming to nature and governing by doing nothing"; Han Feizi advocates "rule of law and centralization of power"; Mohism advocates "universal love" and "non-aggression".

12. Dujiangyan built by Li Bing was included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the popularity of "music of bells and drums" reflected the high level of ancient Chinese music. A large number of bells and drums have been unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei, among which the complete set of bells is the most precious.

(3) The unified Qin and Han empires:

1. From 230 BC to 221 BC, King Qin Yingzheng successively annexed the six eastern countries and established my country's first unification Qin was a multi-ethnic centralized feudal state; politically it adopted the title of "Emperor"; the central government established prime ministers, prefects, and censors; it implemented a system of prefectures and counties, with the country divided into 36 counties; economically it unified degree, quantity, and Balance and currency - money with round square holes; ideological and cultural unification - writing - Xiaozhuan; burning books and humiliating Confucian scholars to strengthen ideological control; military construction of the Great Wall from Lintao in the west to Liaodong to resist the Xiongnu, and development of southern Xinjiang to build the Ling Canal . Qin's territory stretched from the East China Sea in the east, to Longxi in the west, to the Great Wall in the north, and to the South China Sea in the south. It was a big country in the world at that time.

2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang launched an uprising in Daze Township—the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of our country. The Zhang Chu regime was established in Chen.

3. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty and made Chang'an the capital. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weakened the power of the feudal state politically (promoting favor orders), deposed hundreds of schools of thought ideologically, respected Confucianism exclusively, and regarded Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. As a result, the political, economic and ideological unification was achieved, and the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday. In addition, Taixue was held in Chang'an. Taixue was the highest institution of learning in ancient my country, using the Confucian Five Classics (Poems, Books, Rites, Yi, and Spring and Autumn Annals) as the main teaching materials. Economically, the local minting rights and salt and iron management rights were returned to the central government, and the five-baht coin was minted uniformly. Militarily, a powerful cavalry force was organized to launch a large-scale counterattack against the Xiongnu, seizing the Hetao and Hexi Corridor areas. In terms of political, economic and military thought, The great unification was achieved and the Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday.

4. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the economy was in depression and desolation everywhere, so the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty implemented the policy of "rest and recuperation" and focused on agricultural production. By the Wenjing period, the economy had recovered and developed, and the "Government of Wenjing" appeared.

5. In 138 BC and 119 BC, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions; in 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Protectorate, and today Xinjiang officially falls under the jurisdiction of the central government; the Silk Road of the Han Dynasty started from Chang'an Through the Hexi Corridor - present-day Xinjiang - Central Asia - West Asia - Europe, economic and cultural exchanges between China and countries in West Asia and Europe have been strengthened.

6. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu of the Western Han Dynasty royal family proclaimed himself emperor and made Luoyang his capital. It was known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. After the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, relatives and eunuchs alternated in power, making politics very dark. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, coupled with successive years of famine, the Green Forest and Red Eyebrow peasant uprisings finally broke out, and the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. In 220 AD, Cao Pi established the Wei Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty fell.

7. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the management of the Yellow River, and Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty also ordered water conservancy expert Wang Jing to regulate the Yellow River. Silk fabrics in the Han Dynasty already used jacquard machines, and the dyeing technology was also very high. Du Shi, the governor of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the water drainage system and used water power to blast iron for smelting, which was more than 1,000 years earlier than in Europe. During the Han Dynasty, iron weapons gradually replaced bronze weapons.

8. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Maodun Shanyu, the outstanding leader of the Xiongnu, unified the Mongolian grasslands for the first time and established a powerful country. In 119 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to lead elite troops to attack the Xiongnu. After defeating the main force in Mobei, the Huns were no longer able to fight against the Western Han Dynasty. Some Huns began to move westward. In the first century BC, the Huns split into several tribes. The leader of one of them, Hu Hanxie Chanyu, professed vassalage to the Han Dynasty and After asking for a marriage, Emperor Han Yuan married the palace queen Zhaojun to him. From then on, the border was quiet for a long time.

9. During the Han Dynasty, people called the area west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu Province, which is today's Xinjiang region, and places further away called the Western Regions. In 138 BC and 119 BC, Zhang Qian went on two missions to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han government established the Protectorate of the Western Regions to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. From then on, the Western Regions came under the jurisdiction of the central government and became an integral part of our country. In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to manage the Western Regions. In 166 AD, Da Qin sent envoys to visit Luoyang. This was the first exchange between Europe and our country.

10. In the early Western Han Dynasty, hemp was used to make paper. This is the earliest known paper in the world. It was only after the 12th century AD that Europe used paper to replace parchment as writing material. Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking and called his improved paper "Caihou Paper"; Zhang Heng invented the seismometer, an instrument for measuring the direction of earthquakes. The "Medical Saint" Zhang Zhongjing wrote "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", and the "miraculous doctor" Hua Tuo made the anesthetic "Ma Fei San". He also created the medical gymnastics-Wu Qin Xi; "Nine Chapters of Sustaining", written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, marked the beginning of The formation of the ancient Chinese mathematical system centered on calculation.

11. The three major religions in the world today refer to: Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty; while Taoism is a native religion in my country. Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records", the first historical masterpiece in the history of my country, which mainly records the historical facts from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Dynasty are the highest level of sculpture art in the Qin and Han Dynasties.

(4) Separation of political power and national integration

1. In 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in Guandu. In 208 AD, Cao Cao led an army of more than 200,000 people southward, hoping to unify the north and south, but was defeated by the coalition forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. In 220, Cao Cao's son Cao Pi deposed Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. The country was named Wei and its capital was Luoyang. The Eastern Han Dynasty ended. In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, his country was named Han, and its history was called Shu. In 222, Sun Quan proclaimed himself king (in 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor). The country was named Wu, the capital was established, and the Three Kingdoms were formed.

2. In 263, the Shu Han, the weakest among the Three Kingdoms, was first destroyed by Wei. In 266, Sima Yan usurped the throne and established the Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Luoyang, known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed the State of Wu and ended the split. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang and other ethnic minorities have moved inward and have lived together with the Han people for a long time. In 316, a branch of the Xiongnu who moved inland The armed forces destroyed the Western Jin Dynasty.

3. In 317, Sima Rui, a royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, reestablished the Jin Dynasty and established its capital in Jiankang, which was known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history. In the late 4th century, the Di people established the former Qin regime. The former Qin king Fu Jian re-appointed Han Wang Meng as prime minister and worked hard to eliminate other separatist regimes and unify the Yellow River Basin. In 383, the former Qin and the Eastern Jin fought a fierce battle at Feishui. As a result, the former Qin was defeated and the rule of the former Qin collapsed. In 420, Liu Yu, the general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor and named his country Song, ending the rule of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

4. In the late 4th century, a branch of the Xianbei people in northeastern my country became powerful and established the Northern Wei Dynasty, with Pingcheng as its capital. In 439, the Yellow River Basin was unified, and the capital was moved to Luoyang during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen.

5. Zu Chongzhi of the Southern Dynasties utilized and developed the "circle cutting technique" created by his predecessors. For the first time in the world, he calculated the value of pi to the seventh decimal place. This achievement was nearly the first in the world. 1000 years.

6. "Essentials of Qi Min" written by Jia Sixie of the Northern Wei Dynasty is the first complete agricultural science work extant in my country and occupies an important position in the history of world agriculture.

7. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient my country. His "Shui Jing Zhu" is a comprehensive geography monograph. The whole book is based on the description of the rice system, with details. It introduces the mountains, rivers, towns, topography and products, customs, historical monuments, etc. in the areas where the rivers flow.

8. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy became an art. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy fonts were transformed from seal script and official script to regular script. Cursive script and running script also became popular. Wang Xizhi's "Lanting Preface" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was "the first in the world". With the reputation of "one line of calligraphy", Wang Xizhi was also called the "Sage of Calligraphy" by later generations.

9. Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was very outstanding in painting, and his representative works include "Pictures of Admonitions of Women's History" and "Pictures of Luo Shen Fu". At that time, people said that Gu Kaizhi had "three extraordinary talents", namely, extraordinary talent, extraordinary painting and extraordinary obsession.

10. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the society was in turmoil. In order to escape the real suffering, people began to believe in Buddhism, and the rulers also strongly supported it. Buddhism was very popular. There were also many opponents, the most famous of whom was Fan Zhen, a thinker from the Southern Dynasties. His book "On the Destruction of Gods" exposed the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people, and systematically elaborated on atheism.

11. In order to promote Buddhism, the rulers of the Northern Dynasties ordered people to cut mountains and cliffs, dig caves and carve Buddha statues in many places. The Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan are the two most famous grottoes.

12. The reasons for the economic development of the Jiangnan region are: war in the north in the late Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of people moved south, bringing advanced production technology and labor force to promote the development of the Jiangnan region; the geographical conditions are superior, which is conducive to the development of agriculture ; The south has less war and chaos and is relatively stable.