Summary of essential knowledge points in college entrance examination history

History is one of the compulsory subjects for liberal arts students in the college entrance examination. Many students hope to improve in the final sprint. This time I have compiled a summary of the necessary knowledge points for the college entrance examination history here for your reading and reference.

Contents

Summary of essential knowledge points for the college entrance examination history

How to improve history scores

College Entrance Examination History Template for memorizing questions

Summary of essential knowledge points in the history of the College Entrance Examination

1. Background of Shang Yang’s Reform

(1) Background of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Reform (inevitability)

1. Economy: Social and economic development and the emergence of feudal production relations (development of productive forces - establishment of private ownership of land - changes in class relations)

2. Politics: changes in the superstructure: feudalism Destruction of the patriarchal system

3. Military (the need for war): enriching the country and strengthening the army became the internal driving force for reform

4. Ideology and culture: a hundred schools of thought contended (Legalism became the ideological weapon of the reform)

(2) The reforms and reforms of various countries provided experience and lessons for Shang Yang’s reforms (Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period)

1 Spring and Autumn Period: Guan Zhong reformed the "Initial Tax Mu" of Lu State

2 Warring States Period: Li Kui’s Reform and Wu Qi’s Reform

(3) Qin State needs reform and has the conditions (specific background) for the possibility of reform

(1) Internal favorable conditions:

1 The power of the monarch is concentrated, and the power of the slave-owning aristocracy is weak; ○

2 Legalist doctrine is easily recognized○

3 The people are simple and full of martial spirit○

(2) External opportunities

1 The three families were divided into Jin, and the power to restrain the development of Qin was greatly weakened○

2 Scholars from the Central Plains lobbied various countries to recruit for Qin Talented people provide the possibility ○

(3) Direct reason: Qin Xiaogong worked hard and appointed Shang Yang’s reforms

2. Contents of Shang Yang’s reforms

1. Economy--"seeking wealth through agriculture" (rich country)

(1) Abandoning well fields and opening up roads--establishing private ownership of feudal land (far-reaching impact on feudal society)

(2) Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business, reward farming and weaving

(3) Unify weights and measures

2. Military - strengthen the army

(1) Reward military merit, implement two Ten-class nobility system

(2) Abolition of the "Shiqing Shilu system" (the above measures most directly attack the privileges of the nobility)

3. Politics

(1 ) Establish a strict household registration system and formulate the joint sitting law

(2) Universally implement the county system - a profound impact on future generations

(3) Formulate Qin laws

4 , Ideology and culture: burning poems and writing down laws and regulations

Essence: Cultural repression policy

Impact: Suppressing people's ideas and destroying culture.

5. Customs and habits--Reform social customs and customs

Prohibit fathers, sons, and adult brothers from living in the same room; promote monogamy and small family policy

3. Shang Yang The result of the reform: "Although Shang Yang died, Qin law still exists"

Reasons for the success of Shang Yang's reform

(1) It conformed to the historical trend of feudalism replacing slavery, and was in line with the emerging Requirements of the landlord class (fundamental reason)

(2) Comprehensive and thorough reform measures and strict law enforcement ("the law reaches the prince", the law is not noble)

(3) Sufficient public opinion Propaganda and win the trust of the people ("Nanmen Migration of Wood")

(4) Qin Xiaogong's strong support (political guarantee)

4. Evaluation of Shang Yang's reform (nature, positive impact, Limitations)

1. Nature: It is a relatively thorough reform movement of the landlord class

2. Positive impact: it promotes social progress; promotes economic prosperity; strengthens national strength; Qin laid the foundation for its prosperity and military strength and its subsequent unification of the country.

3. Limitations:

(1) Disrespecting education and heavy punishment for misdemeanors

(2) Intensifying exploitation and oppression

(3) The reform is not complete and thorough

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How to improve historical performance

The first point: rote memorization. It is now less than a month before the college entrance examination. If you want to improve your history scores within a period of time, the most direct way is to memorize by rote. Historical knowledge points are relatively fixed, such as the time and significance of the May Fourth Movement, etc. All cannot be tampered with.

The second point: explore the internal connections between knowledge points. History is not dead, it is a record of the trajectory of human activities. Therefore, we must summarize and organize the knowledge content of history, find similarities and differences, find connections between events, etc., and then understand and digest it by ourselves, and finally express it with our own opinions. .

The third point: do more test questions. There is nothing wrong with doing more exercises in any subject, especially history, which relies on rote memorization of knowledge points. By doing exercises, you can consolidate the knowledge you know, and you can also better check for omissions. Better to fill gaps.

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Must-memorize template for college entrance examination history questions

1. Background generally refers to the historical circumstances under which a certain historical event occurred , essentially includes two aspects: reasons and conditions. The background for the opening of new routes includes four reasons and three conditions.

The meanings of reasons and conditions are basically similar, but slightly different:

First, reasons focus on "why", that is, necessity, while conditions focus on "what". That is, possibility;

Secondly, the scope of use of conditions is smaller than that of causes. For example, the success or failure of historical events or movements can only be analyzed by its causes, but cannot be expressed by conditions. For example: analyze the reasons for the failure of the Paris Commune. In this question, "reason" cannot be replaced by "condition".

Historical background = (domestic and international) (economic, political and cultural...)

⑴ Economic background = productivity, production relations, economic structure, economic pattern...

⑵ Politics Background = political situation, system, policy, class, nation, diplomacy and military...

⑶Cultural background = ideology, religion, science and technology, education...

For example: Opium War background:

(1) Domestic:

1. Economy:

Natural economic capitalism sprouts and land is concentrated.

2. Politics:

①Corruption: officialdom, military, finance

②Class contradiction.

3. Thoughts:

Ignorance and arrogance.

(2) International:

1. Economy:

Industrial Revolution → market raw materials.

2. Politics:

Capitalist expansion.

2. Historical conditions = (domestic and international) (economic, political and cultural...)

⑴ Economic background = productivity, production relations, economic structure, economic pattern...

⑵Political background = political situation, institutions, policies, classes, nationalities, diplomacy and military...

⑶Cultural background = ideology, religion, science and technology, education...

But it focuses more on favorable factors, such as the October Revolution Historical conditions:

(1) Domestic:

①Economy: Capitalism has developed to monopoly, relatively backward, and life is poor.

② Politics: Tsar ____, the growth of the proletariat, the maturity of revolutionary parties, changes in the balance of forces, etc.

③Ideology: Leninist guidance.

(2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I and so on.

3. Historical reasons

(1) Analysis from the breadth of reasons: reasons = subjective (internal factors) objective (external factors)

Internal or subjective reasons, generally It refers to the factor that is closely related to the subjective consciousness of the class, class, group or individual in which an event (or person) is located.

External factors or objective reasons refer to the reasons that are closely related to the former but are not affected by the former's subjective consciousness. The advantage of this and the cause analysis method is that it is abstract and profound, and it is easy to stimulate students' subjective initiative.

It should be pointed out that when internal and external causes belong to a large-scale historical concept in which the consciousness of society, country, etc. is difficult to play a decisive role, then they specifically refer to internal causes and external causes, which distinguishes subjective causes. and objective reasons.

Subjective reasons and objective reasons: the former is a reason that belongs to self-awareness, that is, a man-made reason; the latter is a reason that exists independently outside human consciousness.

⑴Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event and the internal economic, political, and ideological factors of the participants. Reasons belonging to self-awareness, that is, man-made reasons;

⑵ Objective reasons: nature, social environment, external economic, political, ideological factors, etc. It is a cause that exists independently of human consciousness.

The breadth of reasons and background analysis methods are basically the same. Background focuses on static analysis, while reasons focus more on dynamic analysis.

Such as the breadth analysis of the causes of the American Revolution:

Internal causes:

①Economy: Capitalist economic development, unified market, etc.

②Politics: The formation of the American nation, the formation of the bourgeoisie, the plantation owner class, etc.

③Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc.

External factors:

①British economic plunder and political oppression.

②The influence of Enlightenment thought, etc.

(2) In-depth analysis from the reasons: Reasons: → Direct → Main → Fundamental

Fundamental reasons: refers to the many factors that affect historical development, with the inevitability of historical development. factors that play a decisive role in the historical process.

We can explore the fundamental causes of historical development from the perspectives of productivity and production relations, the basic social contradictory movements of the economic base and superstructure, the nature of classes, and the main causes of historical development.

The so-called root cause refers to the intrinsic and essential inevitable factors that promote the occurrence of historical things. It is the soil from which historical things can arise and plays a decisive role in the production process of historical things. If this factor is missing, the corresponding historical things will not come into being.

Main reason: refers to the factors that play a leading and decisive role in the occurrence of historical things. With this factor, historical things will appear with the characteristics of that time.

If this factor is missing, historical things will not appear with the characteristics of that time, or even come into being.

Direct cause: refers to the recent inducing factors that led to the occurrence of the event. The meaning of "direct" means not going through intermediate things and intermediary links, and attention should be paid to analyzing the closest factors in terms of time relationship or logical relationship.

The trigger for the incident is usually the direct cause. It plays a catalyst role in the production process of historical things and is an accidental factor.

The three have both hierarchical differences and interconnected connections.

For example, the direct cause of the outbreak of the "May 4th" movement was the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference; the main reason involved various domestic and foreign contradictions at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of the Beiyang warlords, and the development of national capitalism , the growth of the proletariat, the impact of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors; the root cause is the deepest factor among the main reasons.

4. Contradiction analysis: contradictions between productive forces and production relations, contradictions between economic base and superstructure, class contradictions, contradictions within classes, national contradictions, religious contradictions, contradictions between different interest groups...

Reasons for the outbreak of the Dutch Revolution:

① The contradiction between capitalist economic development and the old system.

②The contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal class.

③The national conflict between the people of the Netherlands and the Spanish rulers.

④Conflicts between Calvinism and Catholicism, etc.

5. Purpose and motivation: The purpose is the place or situation you want to achieve; the result you want to get. It is often expressed with the prepositional structure "for...". In essence, it is also a cause, but it is more direct and subjective in tone, and it is generally a direct cause.

Purpose and motivation: →direct→main→fundamental

⑴Direct motivation: to solve various crises or problems currently faced

⑵Main purpose: to achieve a certain goal Objectives, such as achieving stability and development

⑶ Fundamental purpose: establishing or consolidating rule and safeguarding the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests)

The purpose and motivation are subjective reasons, which are The subjective will of the initiator of the event.

For example, Wang Anshi’s reform: the direct motive is to solve the social crisis; the main purpose is to increase fiscal revenue, ease class conflicts, and achieve a rich country and a strong military; the fundamental purpose is to consolidate feudal rule.

2 Characteristics and Characteristics; Nature and Substantive Meaning and Difference

Characteristics and Characteristics: Characteristics are the unique features of people or things. In layman’s terms, they are the distinctive features. . Therefore, if you ask about the characteristics of a historical event or a revolutionary movement, you should compare and identify similar events or revolutionary movements to find out what makes it unique.

For example: One of the characteristics of the British bourgeois revolution is that during the revolutionary process, the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy formed an alliance to control the leadership of the revolution (this is something that the bourgeois revolutions of the United States, France and other countries did not have) ); secondly, it marks the beginning of modern world history (this is also something that the bourgeois revolutions in the United States, France and other countries did not have).

Another example: The Huangchao Uprising was characterized by mobile operations and no solid base was established.

Nature, essence: Nature is the fundamental attribute of a thing that distinguishes it from other things. That is to say, put aside the superficial phenomenon and look at its characteristics, characteristics and essence.

When analyzing the nature of a historical event, we can often get some clues from the causes and purposes of its occurrence. The nature often has different specific meanings depending on the things it refers to.

If it refers to the nature of a book, it is to specify which aspect (or category) it belongs to and in what style it is written. Regarding the nature of the war, we need to focus on whether the war is just or unjust, aggressive or counter-aggressive, etc.

If you are asking about the nature of revolution, you must take the social form at that time as the starting point, see which stage is the main driving force of the revolution, what is advocated in its struggle program, what is opposed, and for which A class seeks interests, which class it represents, etc., and ultimately its class attributes and social attributes must be determined.

Essence, that is, essence. It refers to the fundamental attribute inherent in the thing itself that determines the nature, appearance and development of the thing. The essence of things is hidden and is expressed through phenomena. It cannot be understood through simple intuition. The essence must be grasped through phenomena.

For example: Russia’s 1861 reform was, in terms of its nature, a bourgeois reform carried out by serf owners; in terms of its essence, it was actually a shameless plunder of the peasants.

Sometimes the nature and essence are combined into one. For example, the two major groups "Three Kingdoms Alliance" and "Three Kingdoms Entente" are imperialist military aggression groups regardless of their nature or essence. However, its nature is focused on military aggression and its essence is focused on imperialism.

3 Pass; content, meaning and difference

Pass means experience and process. In addition to its antecedents and consequences, the process of a historical event generally includes at least three parts: occurrence, development and ending. For example: How did the "May 4th" movement go? You need to answer the three parts of the "May 4th" movement: its outbreak, development and outcome (the initial victory).

Historical content = economy, politics, culture...

Historical content is objective history, which is an objective record of major historical activities of mankind. The subjects of the activities include important historical figures, groups, organizations, institutions, etc.

The activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans, treaties; cultural theories, technologies, cultural relics and equipment, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc. General historical content can be analyzed from economic, political, and cultural aspects.

Economic content: productivity, production relations, economic structure, layout...

⑴ Ancient economy = economic system, economic policy (agriculture, handicrafts, business) Economic structure, layout...

①Economic policy = general policy, land taxation, taxation, servitude and labor...

②Agricultural economy = population, land, tools, water conservancy, crop layout...

③Handicraft economy = (textile, mining, metallurgy, ceramics... …) (Technical layout…)

④Commodity economy = urban transportation, commodity market, currency, border trade, foreign trade…

⑤Economic structure and layout = changes in the proportion of economic components, changes in economic focus, changes in economic methods Expand...

The general analysis method of ancient economy is to first analyze the adjustments of economic policies in each period, and then analyze the economic development from all aspects of agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce.

For example, the economy of the Tang Dynasty: first analyze the overall agricultural policy and the measures to restore the economy in the early Tang Dynasty, such as land equalization system, rental and commission regulation, etc.; then analyze agriculture, such as the improvement of production tools, the construction of water conservancy projects, and the reclamation of wasteland. , food, cloth, population growth, etc.; the silk weaving, ceramics, papermaking technology and layout of the handicraft industry; the prosperity of urban commerce, the development of nationality, and foreign trade, etc.

From the analysis of the overall development situation, the commodity economy is still weak, the north-south economy is tending to be balanced, and the feudal production method is expanding to the frontiers.

⑵ Modern economy = factors of economic development, economic components, international economy...

① Factors of economic development = technology, capital market, raw materials, labor, economic structure, management methods and policies...

For example, the factors for the economic development of the United States in the second half of the 19th century: immigrants brought labor and technology; the development of the west provided markets and raw materials; the abolition of plantation slavery, large-scale agricultural operations, and the monopoly model, etc.

② Economic components = natural economy, foreign capital, joint ventures, private capital, government capital, state-owned collective entities...

For example, in the early days of New China: the landlord economy was eliminated, the rich peasant economy was preserved, and the individual peasant economy developed; Imperialist enterprises and bureaucratic capital in China were confiscated, and national capitalism resumed development; state-owned enterprises established their leadership positions, and the collective collaborative economy emerged.

③International economy = general pattern (production management capital technology market tariff) (collaboration and competition)

Such as the multi-polarization of the contemporary world economic pattern, economic regional grouping, and global modernization trends ; Specific manifestations include collaboration and competition among countries and groups in production, management, capital, technology, market, tariffs and trade, etc.

4 Effect, result, consequence, meaning, influence, role, lesson, inspiration meaning and difference

Effect, result, consequence

Effect: refers to the effect caused by The result of a certain force, practice or factor (mostly good).

Result: It is the final state reached by the development of things at a certain stage.

Consequence: refers to the final result (mostly used in bad ways).

From the perspective of part of speech, effect is a positive word and consequence is a derogatory word. In history question and answer questions, the effect is not used much. The most commonly used is result, sometimes consequence.

For example, briefly describe the process and results of the German November Revolution. You cannot use consequences in this question. For another example, on the eve of World War II, how did Britain, France, and the United States perform in their appeasement policies? What were the consequences? It is better to use "consequences" in this question.

In general, results can replace consequences.

Effect, influence, meaning

Effect: It is the influence, effect or utility on things.

Influence: refers to the effect it has on people or things.

Meaning: refers to value and function.

The functions and effects are basically the same. However, it should be noted that in history questions and answers, when talking about role and influence, both positive and negative aspects should be considered: role includes positive and negative effects; impact, in terms of nature, has both positive and negative effects; From the perspective of scope, there are internal (such as domestic) impacts and external (such as international) impacts; from the perspective of time, there are direct impacts and long-term impacts; and so on...

Meaning, role, impact In comparison, its scope is much larger. Generally speaking, nature, characteristics, functions, influences, consequences, evaluations, experiences, lessons, etc. all belong to the category of "meaning". Therefore, if the question asks about the meaning of something, the points mentioned above should be considered.

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