What does the owner of Java mean?

Java-the most populous island in the world

Java language (a computer language, especially for creating websites)

Also known as Jawa or Jawa.

[Edit this paragraph] Introduction

An island of Indonesia in the southeast of Malaysia and Sumatra, south of Borneo (Kalimantan) and west of Bali. Java is only the fourth largest island in Indonesia, but it has more than half of the country's population and is dominant politically and economically. Area 132, 187 square kilometers (5 1 0,038 square miles, including the offshore Madura Island). Jakarta (formerly known as Batavia) is both

Indonesia, located between the foggy Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, is a "land of ten thousand islands" consisting of 18 108 islands, of which Java is the fourth largest island. Java Island, which is surrounded by the sea on all sides, has a tropical rain forest climate, with constant cold and summer seasons, an average annual temperature of 25-27 degrees Celsius and abundant rainfall. The unique natural conditions make the island densely covered with tropical plants, evergreen all year round, and rich in coffee, tea, tobacco, rubber, sugar cane, coconut and other products. There are many rivers and beautiful scenery on Java Island, which attracts a large number of tourists from all over the world every year. There are more than 100 volcanoes on Java Island, all of which are active recently, and Mount Merapi, which shows signs of eruption, is one of them. Mount Merapi is 2968 meters above sea level and is the most active volcano in Indonesia. Java Island is the most economically, politically and culturally developed area in Indonesia, with a population of about 220 million, accounting for half of the country. Some important cities and places of interest are located on this island. Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is the largest city in Southeast Asia, located on the north coast of West Java, with a population of more than 8.3 million. Bandung is located in the Bandung Basin in the west of Java Island, with an altitude of more than 700 meters. It is the capital of West Java, Indonesia. It is surrounded by mountains, lush plants and beautiful environment. Yogyakarta, the ancient capital of Indonesia, is the central city of Central Java, and the world-famous Borobudur is located in the north of Yogyakarta. Indonesia is located in the Pacific seismic belt, and thousands of earthquakes occur every year. Several strong earthquakes occurred in Java in 2006. On May 27th, an earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale struck Yogyakarta and parts of Central Java province, killing more than 6,000 people. 17 In July, an earthquake measuring 6.8 on the Richter scale occurred in the Indian Ocean off southern Java Island, which triggered a tsunami and caused heavy casualties. On July 19, an earthquake measuring 6.2 on the Richter scale occurred again in sunda strait between Java and Sumatra.

Indonesia's most important island, the national political, economic and cultural center. It is about 970 kilometers long from east to west and 160 kilometers wide from north to south, showing a long and narrow shape. Area126,000 square kilometers, population about 93130,000. It is mainly mountainous and hilly, with many volcanoes. There are 58 volcanic peaks with an altitude of 1.800 meters, of which 14 are over 3000 meters. Mount Semeru, the highest peak on the island, is located in the southeast of the island, with an altitude of 3676 meters. There are many broad basins in the mountainous areas, many of which are the cradles of the ancient kingdom of Indonesia, and are still developed agricultural and farming belts and town centers. The northern coast is alluvial plain with many artificial ports; The south bank is steep and mountainous. Earthquakes and tsunamis occur frequently. The climate is hot, the west is hot and rainy all year round, and the east is dry. The annual precipitation is about 1, 500mm, less than 1, 000mm in a few areas and more than 4,000mm in mountainous areas. There are many rivers, and the north bank of the river flows into the sea, mainly Zhilin, Zhimanu, Thoreau, Zhitalong and Brantas. The island has fertile soil and good natural conditions, with a forest coverage rate of 23%. The land reclamation rate is 70%, the highest in China. Mineral resources include oil, coal, manganese, iron, gold, silver, phosphorus, sulfur and iodine. The output of rice, corn, tea, peanuts, sucrose, kapok, cinchona paste and teak accounts for 60% ~ 90% of the national output, and rubber, coffee, oil palm, coconut and cocoa are also produced. Industries include oil refining, shipbuilding, machinery, metallurgy, rubber, textiles, chemicals and paper making. The transportation is developed, accounting for 60% ~ 70% of the national highway and railway mileage.

Administratively, Java consists of three provinces of West Java, Central Java and East Java and two special zones of Yogyakarta, the capital of Greater Jakarta. Administratively, the SAR belongs to the provincial level.

[Edit this paragraph] History

Trinil on the island is famous for the discovery of homo erectus or Javanese fossils in 189 1 year. This also shows that Java has become a place for human activities as early as 800 thousand years ago. The immigrants from Java obviously came from the Southeast Asian continent. As early as 2500 BC, there was family agriculture in Java.

Hinduism and Buddhism

About BC 1 century, Indian businessmen came to Java, and then the power of Hindus developed. In the 8th century, the Kingdom of Mataran was in a period of prosperity. With south-central Java as the center, the Kingdom of Medland was ruled by the Sherendra dynasty. Although he was originally a follower of Shiva Hinduism, the king of Midland later accepted Mahayana Buddhism. At the end of 9th century BC and the beginning of10th century, huge Buddhist monuments were built in many places in Java, such as Borobudur and Mendu.

After the decline of Ma Dalan's power, a country in East Java once took power until it clashed with the powerful Sri Buddha Gaya (Sanfo Qi) empire on Sumatra Island and was defeated in 1006. King Erlangga (10 19? 1049) tried to revive the country and make it recover. During his reign, literature and art flourished and Indian epics were translated from Sanskrit into Javanese for the first time. This opened the way to instill Hindu thoughts into ordinary people. Elronka divided his kingdom equally between his two sons. One son is the ruler of Li Jianyi (along the Brantas River), and he has more power. This area was the center of Java culture until the13rd century (when West Java was still ruled by Sri Lanka). The Kingdom of Li Jianyi became the trade center of spice trade. Indian Muslim businessmen and China businessmen came to various ports here for a short stay.

Later, the political center of Java moved to Xin hasari, a new kingdom in Malang Plateau of East Java. gerdanagara(Kertanagara； ; 1268? 1292 is the greatest king in this kingdom. He unified Java and extended its influence to southern Borneo, Bali and other eastern islands. With the early death of Gerdanakala, his kingdom collapsed. Subsequently, 1293 established the Majapahit Empire in East Java. This empire controlled most of the Indonesian archipelago, even including the place where the former Sri Lankan Buddha died in Sumatra. The founder of this powerful empire was Prime Minister Gacha? Motor (gajah mada, 133 1? In place 1364). The Bessie dynasty began to decline at the end of14th century, and probably died at the beginning of16th century, when Islamists destroyed the last remnants of Indo-China-Java rule.

Muslim Kingdom and Dutch Colonial Rule

The earliest Islamic missionaries were called "Varisongo", and some of them came from China, which was considered to be closely related to the influence of Zheng He's ocean trade in the Straits of Malacca at that time. Many missionaries' graves are still well preserved. While Islam is accepted, its teachings have been integrated into some long-standing beliefs of local people, so Islam in Java has obvious local characteristics.

Muslim businessmen have visited Indonesian islands for centuries, but it was not until the 5th century A.D./KLOC-that Bessie and Wang Guocai felt the serious influence of the competition of Muslim businessmen. When the Muslim international trade network continues to develop in this area, the Javanese along the coast are faced with two choices: to fight or unite with Muslims. Finally, many Javanese United with Muslims. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, many ports in East Java were completely separated from the dying Bessie Empire. Several Muslim kingdoms have also been established in Central Java and West Java, partly because others in West Java were less influenced by Indian colonization in the earlier period, so they can adapt to Islam quickly. In 65438+6th century, Badong, Malang, Prange, Cheriben and Bantam all became independent Muslim countries in Java. Among them, Madeleine controlled East Java and Central Java in the1580s, and was the last kingdom of Greater Java.

Colonial period

1596 Dutch ships visited Java for the first time, and the Dutch East India Company quickly established several trading ports along the coast and set up its headquarters in Batavia (Jakarta). The city was controlled by the Netherlands in 16 19. Starting from A.D. 1670, the Dutch East India Company began to claim that it controlled various Muslim kingdoms in Java. /kloc-In the last quarter of the 7th century, some Muslim kingdoms in West Java recognized the sovereignty of the company, as did the northern and northeastern Java in 1743. 1755, the rest of the kingdom of Medan was divided into two Dutch territories: Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Under the Dutch compulsory transportation system for local aristocrats, Java farmers planted rice, Sophora japonica, sugar, pepper, coffee and other crops.

1799 The Dutch East India Company went bankrupt and the Dutch government took over the administrative power in Java. 18 1 1? 18 16 Java was ruled by Britain for a period of time, and then it was still under the jurisdiction of the Netherlands. 1825? 1830, serious Javanese rebelled against the Netherlands, and the Netherlands paid a huge price for suppressing this rebellion. In the whole19th century, in the whole of dutch east indies, Java got the most concentrated development, and was also under the strictest rule. So in the early 20th century, Java naturally became the center of Indonesian nationalism. Since 1903, Javanese have been working in local governments more and more. 1925, Indonesians are in the majority in the People's Assembly.

independence

1942 during World War II? From 65438 to 0945, Java was occupied by the Japanese. 1950 Java became a part of the newly independent Republic of Indonesia.

[Edit this paragraph] Geography

zone

Java is 65,438+0,064 kilometers (6,665,438+0 miles) long from east to west, 65,438+000 kilometers (60 miles) wide in the middle and 65,438+060 kilometers (65,438+0 miles) wide at both ends. There is an east-west topographic map of Java Island on the island, with many volcanoes on the ridge and limestone mountains and lowlands on both sides. Java is a region with more volcanic activity, but the number of serious eruptions is very few; * * * There are 1 12 volcanoes, of which only 35 are active. Volcanoes are concentrated in the west of the island, but scattered in the middle and east. The highest volcano is Mount Semeru, with an altitude of 3676 meters (12060 feet). There are a series of unconnected highlands to the south of the volcanic belt, about 300 meters (1000 feet) above sea level.

river

Most rivers in Java flow northward, because the central mountain range that forms the river watershed is slightly closer to the southern coast than to the northern coast. However, there are also some rivers flowing to the south. The largest rivers on the island are Thoreau River and Brantas River in the east of Java. These two rivers and many smaller rivers can be used for irrigation, but they can only be navigable in the rainy season, and only boats can sail.

climate

The climate in Java is generally hot and humid all year round. The northern coastal plain has the highest temperature, while the mountainous area is much cooler. High humidity usually creates a debilitating climate. 1 1 By March of the following year, it was rainy and cloudy in the northwest monsoon period; From 4? 65438+ 10 is the southeast monsoon period, with more sunny days and less rainfall. The average annual rainfall in Jakarta is about 1, 760 mm (69 inches). The daily average maximum temperature in Jakarta is 30℃(86℉) and the minimum temperature is 23℃(74℉). In Tosari (altitude 1, 735 meters [5,692 feet]), the average temperature is 22? 8℃(72? 47℉)。 Because volcanic ash regularly fertilizes the land, the soil in Java is very fertile.

kind

The rich vegetation in Java belongs to the South Asian type, but it is related to the Australian type. There are more than 5000 known plants. The wet hillside is rich in dense rainforests, and the western part of Java Island produces dense bamboo forests. Fruit trees on the island include bananas, mangoes and various Asian varieties. There are teak, bamboo, Xigu coconut tree, banyan tree, mushroom tree and jute tree in the forest area. Teak is one of the main export materials in Java. The fauna on the island includes rhinoceros, tiger and bison, but these animals only live in some remote areas. There are monkeys, wild boars and crocodiles on the island; About 400 species of birds; 100 species of snakes; 500 kinds of butterflies and many kinds of insects.

Man-eating tree-cypress

There are more than 500 kinds of plants that can eat animals in the world, but most of them can only eat some tiny insects. This cypress, which grows in Java, Indonesia, can actually eat people. It is eight or nine meters high, and there are many long branches hanging on the ground, some of which are like broken wires, which sway when the wind blows. If someone accidentally touches it, all the branches on the tree will stick out in the same direction like eagle claws, trapping people, and the more entangled they are, the more they can't get rid of them. The branches will soon secrete a sticky glue that can digest the food caught by the quilt, and the animals will slowly stick to this liquid.

[Edit this paragraph] Residents

The inhabitants of Java belong to the marine branch (or southern branch) of Mongolian race. There are three main ethnic groups living on the island, namely, the dominant Javanese, the rice terraced people and the Madura people in Sunda Java, as well as two smaller ethnic groups, namely, the Tengger people and the Batu Iraqis. Javanese account for nearly 70% of the population of Java, mainly living in the central and eastern parts of the island. Sunda people mainly live in the west, and Madura people live in eastern Java and Madura Island. All three ethnic groups speak Malay, and most of them are Muslims.

Java is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. There are 770 people per square kilometer (nearly 2000 people per square mile) on the island. The area of Java Island is only 7% of the national territory, but its population accounts for the vast majority of Indonesia's population. Java's population growth rate has been very high; 18 15 has a population of about 5 million, which increased to about 1 100 million in the early 20th century. Most of the population is still in the countryside, but cities in Java are developing rapidly. The main cities are Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Surabaya, Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta. In the central and southern plains and the northern plains, the rural population density is the highest.

[Edit this paragraph] Economy

More than two-thirds of the land on the island has been reclaimed, and the main food crop is rice. The complicated irrigation network consisting of canals, dams, ditches and reservoirs formed over hundreds of years has greatly promoted rice production on the island. Other crops are corn, cassava, peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes, most of which are planted in lowlands and managed by farmers on small plots of land. Terraced hillsides and irrigated rice fields are the most common features in rural scenes. Production of kapok, sesame, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, pomegranate, citrus and vegetable oil for local consumption. Export tea, coffee, tobacco, rubber, cinchona (raw material of quinine, planted in the highlands of West Java), sugar cane, kapok (planted in the east of the island) and coconut. Some of these crops for sale used to be usually planted in large family plantations. Domestic animals, especially buffaloes, are mainly kept as draught animals. Salted fish and dried fish are imported, but fish are also raised in ponds and rice fields in Central Java and West Java. Quinine produced in Java accounts for most of the world's quinine production.

Arjuna oil field on the northwest coast is the main source of Indonesian oil. There is a natural gas pipeline connecting these oil fields with Cilegon. Cilacap, Jepu and Surabaya all have refineries. A small amount of manganese, sulfur, phosphate, gold and silver are also mined on the island. Small manufacturing industries include batik printing, cast iron, silverware processing, farm tools, tanning, ceramic tiles and other ceramic products. Larger industries include textiles, rubber products, automobile assembly, wine-making and factories that produce shoes, paper, soap, cement and cigarettes. Jatiluhur Dam near Purwakarta is the largest dam in Indonesia. A well-developed railway and highway network connects major cities. Jakarta has a national radio network headquarters and an international airport. Surabaya and Tanjungpriuk near Jakarta are the main ports.

[Edit this paragraph] Cultural heritage

Ad 3？ /kloc-The architecture of Java in India in the 0/6th century includes the Great Pagoda of Borobudur (built about 800 years ago) and the Temple of Dume; Sewu Buddhist Temple (built in the 9th century); The spectacular Shiva Temple Prambanan (built in the 9th century); Sacred baths in Jala Tongda (built at the end of 10 century) and Bellahan (built at 1 1 mid-century); There is also the round Indian temple Jabung (built in 10 century).

Borobudur stupa

About 40 kilometers northwest of Yogyakarta, Central Java, there is a Borobudur stupa, which was founded in 778 AD, and it is called one of the seven architectural wonders of the world together with the pyramids, Angkor Wat, the Great Wall of Wan Li, the Taj Mahal and the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These stone carvings built on the mountain have experienced natural and man-made disasters such as wars, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and religious disputes. In the long years, the lush branches and roots of tropical trees not only broke the rocks of the pagoda, but also covered up the temples on this mountain.

The so-called Borobudur, according to Indonesian dialect, means "temple on the mountain", and usually "pagoda" means stupa. The architectural structure and style of Borobudur are different from those of ordinary Buddhist temples. It is said that from the air, the whole building forms a geometric mandala, that is, a tower with a wide bottom and a narrow top. After being confirmed by UNESCO, large-scale comprehensive excavation and restoration began from 1973 to 1983.

At the same time when Borobudur was built, Hindus were not to be outdone. Located about 16 km northeast of Yogyakarta, there is a huge temple group consisting of 237 large and small temples named "Prambanan". But Prambanan is not as famous as Borobudur, because it is exactly the same as Angkor Wat and much smaller than Angkor Wat.

Is the owner of Java?