Does anyone know anything about Myanmar?

I. Overview of multi-ethnic groups

There are 42 ethnic groups in Myanmar, including Burmese, Karen, Shan, Qin, Meng, Rakhine, Kachin, Kai and others, as well as Batang, Boao, Yinqian, Tuwa, Naga, Wa, Laxiu and Shalong.

Burmese is the main ethnic group in Myanmar, accounting for 65% of the total population of the country, with 24.44 million people. Burmese people are distributed all over the country, mainly living in the middle reaches of Irrawaddy River and the delta region. Burmese belongs to Mongolian race, and Sino-Tibetan language is a branch of Burmese language of Tibetan-Burmese language family, which originated in the northwest of China and is a branch of Qiang nationality. Historically, the ancestors of the Burmese migrated three times and settled in the town of Jiaoqi (Jiaokexi), 30 kilometers south of Mandalay, in 650.

Karen is the second largest ethnic group in Myanmar, with a population of more than 3 million, mainly distributed in Karen and Kayah States. Karen people belong to the Karen branch of Tibetan-Burmese language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and have the same ethnic origin as Burmese people. They all came from the Qiang nationality in China and moved to Myanmar earlier than the Burmese.

Qin has a population of 460,000, and most of them live in the Qinshan Mountains in the western mountainous area. Qin nationality belongs to the Qin branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and it is one of the nationalities that moved southward with Tibeto-Burman language family and entered Myanmar earlier. After several exiles, Qin people entered the western mountainous areas in the 14- 15 century, and some of them moved to Assam, India.

The Kachin people living in Myanmar, China and India are called Jingpo people in China, belonging to the Jingpo branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Jingpo nationality originated in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and its ancestors were the "naked" and "patrol Sichuan" tribes in the Tang Dynasty. In 960 AD, Jingpo people moved southward along Jinsha River, Nujiang River and Enmeikai River, and gradually settled in present-day northern Myanmar and Dehong area of Yunnan in the17th century. There are 450,000 kachins in Myanmar, distributed in Kachin State.

Rakhine people, also known as Arakan people, live in the coastal areas of Rakhine in the west with a population of 6.5438+0.9 million. They belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and which language branch they belong to is still controversial. There are 50,000 Kaye people, mainly living in Kaye prefecture in the southeast, belonging to Kaye branch of Tibetan-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

There are 60,000 high-ranking people, distributed in JD.COM area in the east of Shan State. Gao nationality is called Hani nationality in China and Gaju nationality in phongsaly province, Laos, with 70,000 people. In Chiang Rai and Chiang Mai, Thailand, there are 35,000 Akkadians. Gao nationality belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family.

There are 2.5 million Shan ethnic groups in Myanmar, which are widely distributed, with Shan accounting for 62%. Shan nationality belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Sino-Tibetan language family Zhuang-Dong language family, and has close ethnic relations with Baiyue in ancient China. As early as around A.D., the Shan people lived in Myanmar, and in the eighth century, the distribution of the Shan people today was roughly formed.

The Meng nationality is an ancient ethnic group in Myanmar, belonging to the Mongolian nationality, with a population of 654.38+0 million, mainly living in the south of Mon State. Myanmar has a population of 37.6 million, and the rural population accounts for 80%. The proportion of foreigners is small, mainly Indians, Pakistanis and overseas Chinese.

Second, the ancient history of Myanmar

5,000 years ago, villages along the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar were inhabited by human beings. Mandalay divides Myanmar into two parts culturally and geographically: upper Myanmar in the north and lower Myanmar in the south. But are Burmese (Burmese) the aborigines of Myanmar?

The aborigines in Myanmar are Negridos (short black people) in Indonesia. In the 4th century BC, Miao Zhuang, a native of Chu State, entered Yunnan, expanded thousands of miles, and communicated with China and Myanmar, thus opening the world-famous "Southern Silk Road". Myanmar now has a tribal country, that is, the Grand Duchy established by Zhan Ren. Zhan ren is a descendant of Austronesian language family who assimilated short black people.

Around A.D., people from Ailao (Pupu and Minpu) in China [South Asian language family (Ostro-Asiatic language family) moved southward along the Mekong River. One of them occupied today's Cambodia and Laos, that is, today's Khmer people, and the other one entered Thailand and Myanmar, that is, today's Mongolian area in Myanmar. The Meng people who entered Myanmar all lived in the Xitang River basin.

Since then, some Tibetan and Burmese people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have moved to Myanmar along the south of the mountain. In the 3rd century A.D., Paius, a branch of the Burmese tribe, went south to the Irrawaddy River Delta and established an interest country, with Beimiao as its capital. In 802, King Sri Lanka sent envoys to Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, to perform ancient Burmese music and wonderful cloth tow. In 832, Sri Lanka was destroyed by Nanzhao, which was also a Tibetan and Burmese nationality. The Sri Lankan fled everywhere and gradually merged with the Burmese in Kyaukphyu.

Standing side by side with the Kingdom of Si, Mon people established a direct country 60 kilometers northwest of moorman. In 573, two Tongzhi princes, Tammara and Wimala, built the ancient city of Pi, which later developed into the most important city in the Meng Dynasty. After the demise of the Western Kingdom, the Meng Dynasty ruled the whole of Lower Myanmar until 1 1 century.

Three. Ancient history of Myanmar

165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Burmese people who settled in Kyaukphyu absorbed the advanced cultures of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nanzhao and Shan, built water conservancy and developed agriculture, and established Bagan Kingdom with Pagan as its capital. 1044, King Anuruddha of Bagan Dynasty unified the whole territory of Myanmar, becoming the first unified regime in the history of the Burmese people, and founded the Burmese alphabet in 1058. The lineage of the King of Bagan Dynasty is as follows: Anuruto-Shula-Jiangxi-Alonsidu-Narodo-Narodinga-Narobosidu-Akurumiru-Gaobu. 1287, Mongolia established Xuanwei Department in Xishuangbanna, from which two ministers of Kublai Khan attacked Myanmar and wiped out the Bagan dynasty.

As a result, the Mongols established the Bogu dynasty in the south, with its capital in Bogu, 80 kilometers northeast of Yangon. The Shan people established the Awa dynasty in the north, with its capital in Ava near Mandalay, forming a state of confrontation between the north and the south. 1386, the war broke out in the two dynasties, which is called the forty-year war in history and the national strength was exhausted. 1539, Bo Gu dynasty was destroyed by Wu Dong (Wu Dong, Donggu, Soochow) dynasty. 1555 Ava dynasty was also destroyed by Xu Dong dynasty.

/kloc-At the end of 0/5, Burmese who fled to Xu Dong (between Yangon and Mandalay) in Xidang Valley to escape the war vigorously developed agriculture and accumulated strength. Ming Yuji, the leader of Dongyumen tribe, declared her independence from Awa dynasty as king. 153 1 year, Da Bin Ruidi, son of Ming concubine, formally established the Dongwu Dynasty. During the reign of Da Binrui and the second king who succeeded him, Bayinlang, the Dongyu Dynasty made many expeditions to the south, and finally achieved the second reunification of Myanmar. 1546 moved the capital to Bo Gu.

The lineage of Dongyu Dynasty is as follows: Ming Yuji-Big Binruiti-Bayinlang-MangYingli-Liang Yuanhou-Anabilong-Militipo-Talon-Pindagri-Baimang-Naravaro-Militi-

The Dongwu Dynasty fought against the powerful Ayutthaya (Dacheng Dynasty) of Siam (Thailand) many times, which exhausted its resources. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Siam allied with the rebellious Mongols and surrounded Bagu. The Soochow Dynasty allied with Arakan (now Rakhine State in Myanmar and southern Bangladesh) and wanted to get rid of it.

1599, the ancient city of Bo was occupied by Aka (also known as Hani and Gaozu), and the Dongwu Dynasty was forced to move its capital to Ava. 1752, Awa was captured by the Tatars, and the Soochow Dynasty perished.

Four. Modern history of Myanmar

1753, the Burmese people's leaders in Ruibo Plain (between Irrawaddy River and Qindun River) sent troops to the south for many times to crusade against the Mongols, and finally realized the reunification of all Myanmar again and established the Yongya Dynasty (Kampong Dynasty).

1782- 18 19, King Bodawaya of Yongya was worried about the possible threat posed by Myanmar because of his ambition to invade Thailand for many times.

1824, Britain launched its first invasion of Myanmar. The British army attacked the northwest of Myanmar from India by land, and was hit hard by the commander-in-chief of the Burmese army, Bandura, near Chittagong, forcing the British army to retreat across the board. 1826, the British army landed from Yangon by sea, attacked the city and seized the pool all the way, and finally captured Yandabo village near Awa, Myanmar. The king of Myanmar was forced to make peace, giving up the suzerainty of Assam, Kerch and Manipo, and putting Rakhine State (Arakan) and its nearby islands under British jurisdiction.

1852, the British army invaded Myanmar for the second time, occupied the southern coast of Myanmar, and merged Bosheng, Bagu, Rakhine and Delindayi into Myanmar Province, which was under the jurisdiction of the United Province of India.

1885, the British army invaded Myanmar for the third time, captured Mandalay, Kyoto, and captured the king in a tin robe. The British army continued to advance northward and immediately occupied the whole of Upper Myanmar. Britain designated Myanmar as a province of British India, and since then Myanmar has become an overseas colony of the British Empire. 1897, Britain upgraded Myanmar to an "autonomous province", with the British Deputy Governor in India concurrently serving as the provincial governor.

During the British colonial rule, a large number of Indian immigrants flooded into Myanmar, resulting in cheap labor and threatening the local economy. As a result, the Burmese people began to hate Indians, so that anti-Indian riots broke out on 1930. 1936, in the only election under British rule, Ba Maw was elected as Prime Minister. 1937, Britain created a unique Burmese constitution, agreeing that the Burmese people can control domestic politics.

1942 Japan occupied Myanmar. When Japan gradually lost the war, it agreed to make Myanmar independent, but in fact it still manipulated the newly established puppet government behind its back. At this time, Aung San, the father of Myanmar, organized the "Anti-Fascist People's Freedom Alliance" against the Japanese army. After World War II, Myanmar was still under British control, and Aung San was assassinated in July 1947. Under the leadership of Aung San's successor Tarkinu, the British Parliament finally officially recognized the independent alliance between Myanmar * * * and China on1948 65438+1October 4th.