Traffic in Switzerland

Switzerland is one of the most stable economies in the world. Its long-term policy, safe financial system and bank secrecy system make Switzerland a safe haven for tax-exempt investors. Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world, with the highest per capita income, low unemployment rate and low fiscal deficit. Due to the developed financial industry, the service industry is also playing an increasingly important role in the Swiss economy.

Switzerland has a stable economic market and advanced technology. 20 1 1 In terms of per capita wealth (including financial and non-financial assets), Switzerland is the richest country in the world. According to the international exchange rate, Switzerland is the largest economy in the world 19; According to purchasing power parity, it is the world's 36 largest economies; Exports and imports rank 20th and18th respectively in the world. Although public utilities in Switzerland provide a wide range of services, Switzerland still ranks first in Europe in terms of economic freedom. According to the international exchange rate, Switzerland's per capita GDP is higher than that of major economies in Western and Central Europe and Japan. In terms of purchasing power parity, it ranks eighth in the world.

The global competitiveness report released by the World Economic Forum shows that Switzerland is the most competitive country in the world, and the EU report shows that Switzerland's innovation performance is the best in Europe. Switzerland's per capita GDP has long been in the forefront of Europe. In 2005, the median household income in Switzerland was 96,500 Swiss francs, and the ratio of current income to GDP in Switzerland was the highest in the world.

Switzerland is the headquarters of many multinational companies. Swiss companies with the highest turnover include Vito, Glencore, Gunnvor, Tok, Nestle, Novartis, Roche, ABB, Mokery and Deco. Other well-known companies include UBS Group AG, Zurich Financial Services Group, Credit Suisse Group, Tetra Pak, Tetra Pak, Swiss Re and Swarovski Group. Switzerland is also one of the most influential economies in the world.

Manufacturing is the most important industry in Switzerland, mainly producing professional chemicals, medicines and medical supplies, scientific precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The main export products include chemicals (34%), mechanical and electronic equipment (20.9%), precision instruments and clocks (16.9%). Service industry is another important industry in Switzerland, including banking, tourism, insurance and international organizations.

There are about 3.8 million employed people in Switzerland. Switzerland's job market is more flexible than that of neighboring countries, and the unemployment rate is relatively low. However, the unemployment rate in Switzerland rose from 65,438+0.7% in June 2000 to 4.4% in 2009. In 2004, the foreign immigrant population in Switzerland accounted for about 265,438+0.8%, which was roughly equivalent to that in Australia. The hourly GDP of Switzerland ranks17th in the world, and in 2006 it was 27.44 international yuan per hour.

Switzerland is a country with relatively developed private sector and low tax rate in the western world, and it is also a country with low total tax rate in developed countries. Among 178 countries, Switzerland ranks 26th in ease of doing business. Switzerland faced economic growth stagnation in190 s and 2 1 early century, and the EU assisted Switzerland in its economic reform and integration. Credit Suisse Group pointed out that only 37% of Swiss residents own houses, which is the lowest in Europe. In 2007, the housing and food prices in Switzerland were 1, 7 1% and 1.45% respectively, while those in Germany were 1, 654.38+0.03% and 1.04% respectively.

Switzerland's agricultural protection policy is a few exceptions to Switzerland's free trade policy, which also leads to higher food prices. According to the report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Switzerland's market freedom is slightly lower than that of some EU countries, but its domestic purchasing power still ranks among the top in the world. Apart from agriculture, there are almost no trade barriers between European countries and Switzerland, and Switzerland has also signed free trade agreements with other countries in the world. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association.

Switzerland is a highly developed industrial country. Implement a free economic policy and minimize government intervention. Advocate free trade and oppose trade protectionism. In 20 12, the economic growth was 0.98%. 20 12 Switzerland's main economic digital GDP is $605.05 billion, the real GDP growth rate is 1%, the inflation rate is 0.7%, the per capita GDP is $76,059, and the exchange rate is 1 USD =0.9782 Swiss francs (2013/kloc). Meat is basically self-sufficient and dairy products are more than self-sufficient.

Agricultural output value accounts for about 4% of GDP, and agricultural employment accounts for about 6.6% of total employment in China. For a long time, the Swiss government has attached great importance to the development of agricultural production. Long-term subsidy policies for agriculture, such as granting subsidies, providing special subsidies for mountainous areas and providing price subsidies for major agricultural products; Restrict and reduce the import of vegetables and fruits; Providing farmers with interest-free loans; Support agricultural mechanization and specialization; Strengthen agricultural scientific research and technical training; Popularize and attach importance to agricultural knowledge.

In 20 12, there were 240,000 agricultural employees, accounting for about 3.63% of the total employed population. Industry is the main body of Swiss national economy, and its industrial output value accounts for about 50% of GDP. Switzerland's main industrial sectors include: watches, machinery, chemistry, food and other departments. The watch industry is the third largest export industry in Switzerland. As one of the largest watch producers in the world, Switzerland has many world-famous watch brands, mainly watches, as well as seat clocks and pendulum clocks. More than 95% of watches produced in Switzerland are exported every year. In 20 13, the export volume reached 21400 million Swiss francs, accounting for 10.6% of the total Swiss exports. Machinery manufacturing mainly produces textile machinery and power generation equipment. Machine tools, precision instruments, meters, transportation machinery, agricultural machinery, chemical machinery, food machinery and printing machinery are also very important. In recent years, the production of typewriters, computers, cameras and movie cameras has developed very rapidly. The products of the food industry are mainly for domestic demand, but cheese, chocolate, instant coffee and concentrated food are also world-famous, so Switzerland is also a chocolate kingdom. The chemical industry is also an important pillar of Swiss industry. Drugs account for about 2/5 of the output value of the chemical industry, and dyes, pesticides, balsams and essences also occupy an important position in the international market.

Except ABB, Nestle, Novartis and Sulzer, most of Switzerland are small and medium-sized enterprises.

In 20 12 years, the number of industrial employees was about 1.44 million, accounting for 2 1.85% of the total employed population. Swiss bank secrecy system

Bank secrecy for customers means that banks are obliged to keep silent about all things of customers. This is also the right of customers, because they are the owners of these protected data and information. The bank secrecy system protects the personal rights and interests of customers. Protecting private rights and interests is the basis of Swiss law and is clearly stipulated in the federal constitution.

/kloc-in the 0/7th century, the Swiss banking industry ushered in great development. A large number of rich people and management talents proficient in banking came to Geneva, Switzerland from France and Italy. The capital and technology they brought have enabled the banking industry in Geneva to develop by leaps and bounds in a short period of time. At the same time, in order to avoid revealing the property status of these people, Swiss banks began to form a tradition of protecting the privacy of private accounts. 17 13, the Geneva parliament promulgated the banking law, which stipulates that bank personnel are responsible for recording customer information, but it is forbidden to disclose customer information to others.

In order to protect the safety of bank customers and prevent the loss of customers, the Swiss government promulgated the Federal Banking Law in 1934, and the Swiss bank secrecy system was formally established. According to the law, any depositor can choose a safe way to open an account in a Swiss bank, and depositors can use aliases, codes or numbers instead of their real names. Not only when opening an account, you can entrust an agent to handle it, but also when withdrawing money or transferring money, the bank will handle it in full accordance with the articles of association agreed with the customer in advance, so that the real owner of the property will never show up. The law also requires banks to strictly abide by the principle of confidentiality, and bank employees are not allowed to disclose depositors' secrets to third parties, whether private or official. In case of violation, bank employees and the third person who lured them to disclose information will face imprisonment for six months to five years and a fine of up to 50,000 Swiss francs. The confidentiality agreement is valid for life, and becomes invalid due to the resignation, retirement and dismissal of bank employees.

The end of the secrecy system

Swiss bank secrecy law attracts a large number of overseas deposits, but it also exposes the shortcomings of lack of transparency, which objectively facilitates tax evasion and money laundering and other criminal activities. Therefore, Switzerland, together with Austria, Luxembourg and other countries that also abide by the tradition of bank secrecy, has been criticized by the outside world and has long been called a tax haven in Europe.

American pressure

On February 19, 2009, under the strong pressure of the United States, in order to avoid being sued by the United States, UBS Group AG, the largest Swiss bank, compromised and was forced to pay a huge fine of 780 million US dollars to the United States and provide information on 250 to 300 American customers.

On February 20th, 2009, the U.S. Department of Justice put forward a new request, demanding that Switzerland redefine the bank secrecy law and that UBS Group AG hand over all the information of its 52,000 American customers.

At the beginning of 20 13, Veglin Bank, the oldest private bank in Switzerland, was forced to close down under heavy pressure.

In September 20 13, the Swiss federal parliament approved the bilateral agreement signed by Switzerland and the United States at the end of last year, allowing the American tax authorities to collect income tax from American citizens' accounts in Swiss banks. Switzerland will also implement automatic exchange of bank information and provide American citizen accounts to the US tax authorities.

Dissatisfaction of European countries

Switzerland's neighboring countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, etc., have implemented a high personal income tax system to maintain the welfare system, so rich people often put their money in Swiss banks to avoid their high taxes. This has aroused strong dissatisfaction from these countries. Germany, France, Britain, Spain, Italy and other EU countries have proposed that automatic exchange of bank information should also be implemented within the EU to ensure that all EU citizens pay all income taxes fairly. Faced with the strong pressure from the big EU countries, Luxembourg and Austria made a compromise, agreeing to improve bank transparency and relax bank secrecy regulations. In this case, it is only a matter of time before Switzerland's proud tradition of bank secrecy withdraws from the historical stage.

201310/5. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) announced that the Swiss government signed the Convention on Multilateral Mutual Assistance in Tax Administration in Paris, France, becoming the 58th signatory of the Convention.

The signing of the Convention on Multilateral Mutual Assistance in Tax Administration by the Swiss government sends a clear and strong signal that Switzerland will work with the international community to strengthen tax cooperation. The signing of this convention is an important progress in international tax cooperation, which means that the Swiss bank secrecy system is coming to an end. It is an irreversible trend for the world to strengthen the fight against cross-border tax evasion.

20 14 On May 6th, European finance ministers meeting in Paris, Switzerland, agreed to sign a new global standard for automatic exchange of information. This is a decisive move, which symbolizes that the practice of protecting the privacy of bank customers in Switzerland for hundreds of years will become history.

* * * Switzerland has 3 12 banks and 3,382 outlets, with total assets of about 2.8 trillion Swiss francs and total assets under management of about 5.3 trillion Swiss francs, of which domestic and foreign assets account for 49% and 5 1% respectively. According to a survey, from 20 14 to 20 16, 25% to 30% of private banks in Switzerland may go bankrupt. As of 20 12, 12, the four official languages are German, French, Italian and Latin Romance. Among the residents, about 65.6% speak German, 22.8% French, 8.4% Italian, 0.6% Latin Romance, 18.7% other languages.

The most widely used language in Switzerland is German. Of the 26 states, 17 is a German-speaking state. French is mainly spoken in the western region, and there are four French-speaking states: Geneva, Jura, Neuchatel and Vaud. There are three German-French bilingual states: Bern, Fribourg and Valais. New Year's Day every year: 65438+ 10/.

Good Friday

Easter (Monday)

Labor Day: May every year 1.

Pentecost (Monday)

The anniversary of Jesus' death

National Day: after 129 1, every August 1 day.

Christmas: 65438+ February 25th every year.

Boxing Day: Swiss Bandari Orchestra is a very popular local lyric performance group, which is held every year from 65438 to February 26th. Since 1990 released its first album, it has caused a sensation in the local area. Its unconventional arrangement and streamlined musical instrument configuration make every work present a fresh and natural atmosphere.

Bandari Music is a new era music group under the Swiss music company Audio-visual Communication AG. His works are mainly environmental music, some of which are adapted from European and American country music, and quite a few are reinterpretations of some famous tracks.

Alpine trombone was originally a tool for alpine herders to summon herds and transmit information. It has a written history of more than 500 years. This wooden horn, which is 3 to 4 meters long and weighs 4 kilograms, has become the representative of Swiss mountain culture.

Nanda Town, Valais, Switzerland hosts the International Alpine Trombone Music Festival and Competition every year. Nanda Town in Valais is located in the southwest of Switzerland, in the center of the Alps. The annual music festival is an important local cultural activity, which also makes this town famous overseas. At the music festival, most of the contestants dressed in traditional national costumes, some solo, some ensemble, and some family went into battle, playing melodious and moving music with the unique voice of the Alpine trombone. The sound of the horn echoed in the valley, which made people relaxed and happy, and the result of the game became less important. Education funds account for a large proportion in the budgets of governments at all levels (the federal budget accounts for 8% and the state and city budgets account for about 25%). Nine-year compulsory education is implemented throughout the country. The characteristics of Swiss education are: the popularization of junior high school education; The proportion of high schools is small, and the proportion of vocational schools is large; The quality of university teaching is very high.

There is no Ministry of Education in the Swiss Confederation. The Federal High-tech Systems Committee and the Federal Ministry of Education under the Scientific Research Leading Group of the Ministry of the Interior are responsible for education affairs at the federal level, supplemented by national coordinating institutions such as joint conferences of universities, joint conferences of university presidents, joint conferences of state education directors, and Swiss higher education centers. National vocational education is managed by the Federal Vocational Education and Technology Department of the Ministry of National Economy.

Although Switzerland has a small population, it has a dense network of higher education. At present, there are 12 public universities in China, of which two universities, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, are federally controlled, and the other 10 are state universities. According to the languages of universities, there are six German-speaking areas: university of basel (the latest ranking of world universities 10 1-200, para. 2 1), University of Bern, University of Zurich, Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, University of Saint Gallen and University of Lucerne; There are five French-speaking areas: Geneva University, Lausanne University, Lausanne Federal Institute of Technology, New chartres University and Fribourg University; There is a university in the Italian-speaking area.

Switzerland began the reform of higher education in 1993, and decided to merge more than 60 higher vocational and technical schools nationwide into seven higher vocational colleges by region. This work was completed in 1998, with * * * students in seven colleges 18000. This reform will increase the proportion of Swiss population with higher education diploma from 22% to 25%. Switzerland has a globally developed public medical system, high-level medical experts and clinics and medical institutions adopting the most advanced medical technology. The developed hospital system provides medical services for everyone. Switzerland's public health system is mainly divided into two parts: one part is the health departments of the federal government and the state government, and the other part is various medical institutions.

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, in 20 1 1 year, the total medical and health expenditure in Switzerland accounts for 1 1% of GDP. According to purchasing power parity, the per capita medical and health expenditure is $5,673. From 2006 to 20 13, there were 40 doctors per 10,000 people, 174 nurses and midwives, 6 dentists and 6 pharmacists. Switzerland is not a sports power, but the average sports level of Swiss people is very high. It is normal for everyone to like three or five kinds of sports. Because it is located at the foot of the Alps and snows all year round, Swiss people especially like skiing and other winter sports. At the same time, there are some excellent players in their country.

Switzerland's strengths are tennis and winter sports. Martina hingis and roger federer, two outstanding tennis players, are Swiss. Federer is the best tennis player in the history of men's tennis.

In football, Switzerland beat Spain, which was favored by everyone, with a score of10 in the first match of the 20 10 South Africa World Cup finals.

20 14 World Cup in Brazil, Switzerland successfully reached the summit with the outstanding performance of Shakiri and others 16.

20 13-20 14 season Champions League group match, Swiss football super league champion Basel beat Premier League giant Chelsea.

In the Champions League group match of 20 14-20 15 season, the Basel team drew away with the Premier League giants Liverpool and was eliminated. Many scientists in Swiss academic circles won the Nobel Prize. For example, Albert Einstein established the special theory of relativity during his stay in Bern. Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Basil, Richard Ernst, Edmund Fisher, Rove sinergy, Kurt Wüthrich, etc. Among the recent winners in science and Nobel Prize winners in various fields, 1 13 is related to Switzerland, and international organizations based in Switzerland have won 9 Nobel Peace Prizes.

CERN is the largest particle physics laboratory in the world, located at the junction of western Geneva and Ontario, France. Paul Scheer Institute is an important Swiss national institute. Famous Swiss inventions such as ergodiamide, scanning tunneling microscope and devil's felt.

Switzerland's space agency, the Swiss Space Agency, is involved in space technology and space programs. Switzerland is one of the ten founding countries of the European Space Agency (ESA), and it is also the main funding provider of ESA. Swiss companies, such as Oerlikon Aerospace and Maxon Automobile, participated in the construction of the spacecraft. There are 1 news agencies: Swiss news agency.

There are 79 newspapers in China, among which three German newspapers have great influence:

Neue zü richer Zeigung, a new Zurich newspaper, was founded in 1780, with a social address in Zurich and a daily circulation of over160,000 copies.

Daily Herald and Tags Anzeiger: founded in 1893, social address in Zurich, with a daily circulation of over 200,000 copies.

Blick: It was founded in 1959, and its social address is Zurich, with a daily circulation of over 320,000 copies.

Three influential French newspapers are:

Time:1998 was founded in February, formerly known as Geneva Daily and New Daily, with a daily circulation of 90,000 copies.

24-hour newspaper: founded in 1762, social address in Lausanne, with a daily circulation of 90,000 copies.

Geneva Tribune: founded in 1879, with a social address in Geneva and a daily circulation of 80,000 copies.

Swiss Jung Group, founded in 1883, is the largest comprehensive media group in Switzerland, headquartered in Zurich.

Each language area has its own language radio and television. Swiss Radio and Television Corporation (SRG), headquartered in Bern, started broadcasting on 1997, enjoying the federal broadcasting franchise, and is responsible for producing and broadcasting radio and television programs in four official languages. Radio Switzerland International produces programs in the official language, English, Spanish and Arabic, and spreads them abroad through short-wave radio and satellite.