The economic status of blacks and whites in the United States in the 1950s.

The economic status of blacks and whites in the United States in the 1950s.

In the history of the United States, at the beginning of immigration to the United States, various races often lived in groups, but once they gained a foothold, this kind of residence

The boundaries of life will be broken. And black people have been living together since they entered the city in large numbers. according to

Statistics from the 2000 census in the United States show that more than 60% of blacks live in big cities and are highly concentrated.

Three fifths of the people living in the community are black, and the community is in a relatively closed state. As we all know, black people live in compact communities.

In today's American cities, this area is a so-called "problem block", and poverty, unemployment, crime, single-parent families and other societies are widespread.

There will be problems. This paper aims to analyze the formation and present situation of black community, explain its causes and discuss its governance.

Road, the governance of black settlements is also the focus of American society at present.

First, the formation of black communities.

The formation of black societies can be roughly divided into three stages: (1)1900-1940: the emergence of societies. (2) 1940- 1970

The development of residential areas. (3) 1970- Up to now: deterioration of residential areas.

1900 years ago, there was no racial segregation between blacks and whites in both northern and southern cities.

It is very serious, one of the reasons is that the vast majority of blacks live in remote areas in the south. At 1870, the figure is.

80%, when the urbanization rate was extremely low. With the shortage of labor force in the north during and after the First World War, agriculture in South China

The weak economy and the "pull" and "thrust" produced by these two aspects have caused a large number of blacks to leave their homeland in the south and go to the north.

Seeking a better life is the first great black migration in American history. The result of this great migration is 19 10 year.

Between 1920, 572,000 blacks left the south, while 1920 was 877,000. Due to the Great Depression of 1930,

The number of people decreased slightly, but it also maintained the momentum of 473,000. A large number of blacks flocked to the big cities in the north, not only to find jobs,

The first problem is housing, which is the background of the emergence of black communities.

When discussing the reasons for the formation of black settlements, American scholars pointedly pointed out that the formation of black settlements is not simply black.

The increase in population is due to fewer and fewer residential areas that can accept blacks. In other words, white people are right.

Racial discrimination against blacks directly led to the emergence of black settlements. The first means used by white people is violence. 1900- 1920.

During 1998, racial riots occurred in new york, Chicago and other places, and the houses of black families living in non-black areas were destroyed.

Black people who were destroyed and rushed into white areas were beaten or shot, and even lynched. In this way, in order to avoid racial disaster, blacks gradually

They formed their own community, which was called "black belt", "black city" and even "black ghost town" by white people. With the black community

Enlargement, the way white people take has also changed from simple violence to some "legal" hidden ways, such as setting up community organizations.

It is called improving community safety and housing prices. In fact, it is to prevent blacks from moving in and maintain racial boundaries. They threatened to buy.

Real estate developers who sell houses to blacks do not patronize shops that have business dealings with blacks. The most important means is to use "restrictions"

Housing contract "in order to bind the owners, the owners must declare that they will not sell or rent their property to blacks. If they violate it, the owners will."

Until 1948, the supreme court ruled that the "restriction of residence contract" was illegal.

Before 1940, the famous black communities in northern cities were Watts, Harlem, new york and Chicago.

Brother, south district, etc. Because industrialization and urbanization in the south lag behind those in the north, black communities appeared after 1940.

It began to take shape in southern cities.

The second stage of the formation of black community was after 1940, especially after World War II. Except the city.

In addition to the rapid expansion of urban population and the shortage of housing, the federal government's policies accelerated the development of black settlements during this period, making

A larger second-generation or even third-generation black community has emerged.

After World War II, blacks once again left remote areas in the south and poured into big cities. It was 170 in the 1940s.

Ten thousand people, 654.38+0.5 million in the 1950s, and 654.38+0.4 million in the 1960s, exceeding the number of the first great black migration. On 1950

In the twenty years from 2000 to 1970, the proportion of blacks in Chicago rose from 14% to 33%, and in Philadelphia from 18% to.

34%, Cleveland rose from 16% to 38%, Detroit rose from 14% to 44%, and the proportion of blacks in Newark was 1970.

The example is 54%, and Washington is 7 1%. The sudden increase in the number of black people, coupled with the war, has stopped many housing construction projects in China.

After the war, a large number of soldiers were demobilized. With the arrival of the baby boom after the war, housing shortage became a social problem. The first one is

It is black. Black communities are crowded.

The federal government played an unshirkable role in the development of black settlements after the war. Its performance is in two aspects, one is

Some government-funded housing projects are obviously racist; Second, the "urban renewal movement" did not solve the black problem.

People's housing problem, and make it more serious.

1933, the government established the "Housing Owners Loan Company" (HOLC for short) for the following purposes.