Will humans immigrate to Mars?

The atmosphere of Mars is thinner than that of the Earth, of which 95% is carbon dioxide, 3% is nitrogen and 2% is argon. The equatorial surface temperature of Mars is-1 13℃ at night and 7℃ at most during the day. The average annual temperature of Mars is about-58 degrees Celsius. Oxygen-free atmosphere, freezing temperature and dry surface have become the three major obstacles for human beings to move to Mars.

So, how about using human wisdom and technology to transform Mars into another earth? This idea sounds incredible, but it can actually be realized, and with the technology of the 21st century, the environment of Mars can be completely transformed in a few decades. In the idea of Mars changing into the earth, the most important thing is actually the first step, which is not difficult to achieve: just raise the temperature a little.

The earth is currently facing a serious environmental problem-global warming. Scientific research shows that this is caused by the increase of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The present environment of Mars is just the opposite of that of the Earth. It seems that our earth is going to cool down, and Mars Chaha needs to warm up. Why not let Mars suffer a "global warming"? 、

There are many greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Mars. In fact, it once had a warm and humid climate, which can be judged from the traces of river scouring on its surface. Until now, the atmosphere of Mars still contains a lot of greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. The reason why Mars is cold now is caused by the water cycle of Mars. Many carbon dioxide in the air is absorbed by water, combined with the surface material of Mars, and fixed in the form of sedimentary rocks or ice cubes. In the early days of Mars, the atmosphere was not dense, and carbon dioxide was fixed and even thinner, thus ending the warm climate of Mars. Fortunately, the carbon dioxide lost from the Martian atmosphere did not leave Mars, but was buried in the soil of Mars. As evidence, the permafrost in the Antarctic of Mars seems to be composed of ice and dry ice, and thousands of ice are solid carbon dioxide.

To make solid carbon dioxide re-enter the atmosphere, it is enough to raise the temperature on the surface of Mars a little. As long as the temperature on Mars rises a little, a large amount of fixed carbon dioxide will return to the Martian atmosphere. Once the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Mars increases, the greenhouse effect will begin to appear, the warming process will continue, and more carbon dioxide will change from solid to gas. This is the principle of positive feedback between the temperature on Mars and the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. It is conceivable that if this positive feedback can be triggered, the long-standing indifference of Mars will be reversed in one fell swoop. How does the new weapon that "shelled" Mars start the first shot of Mars transformation and make the temperature of Mars rise a little bit? The most direct idea is to improve the absorption of solar energy on the surface of Mars, such as sprinkling some black carbon powder on the frozen areas at the poles to enhance the absorption of solar energy on Mars.

The ever-changing nanotechnology has given us a better solution. Some scientists imagine that the continuous development of nanotechnology will enable us to master the method of manufacturing nano-robots These stealth robots can be mass-produced, uniformly programmed, and then scattered on the permafrost of Mars like dust. Humans can command hundreds of millions of nano-armies on the earth, directly decompose substances in soil and ice, and let carbon dioxide, water and oxygen escape from them. If technology permits, nano-robots can use local materials to replicate themselves and expand their teams on Mars, and the transformation speed will be faster. When the atmosphere of Mars is transformed, humans will issue instructions to make all these nano-robots jump ship and decompose on the spot.

Even if nanotechnology can't reach such a wonderful level for the time being, we can still build a huge orbital mirror with high reflectivity to reflect more sunlight to the surface of Mars. This scheme is not technically difficult, and it can be realized by using the current principle of making solar sails. In order to achieve the positive feedback effect of starting temperature rise, perhaps we need a super-large reflector with a radius of 100 km to reflect sunlight to the Antarctic ice sheet of Mars and release carbon dioxide while melting ice. If a large mirror is made of solar sail material, the total mass of the mirror will reach 200,000 tons. It is too expensive to transport so much material from the earth. Consider using local materials on planets near Mars, such as its satellites. The resources needed to start the space factory can be obtained from the Mars satellite, and the energy needed can be considered to build a nuclear power plant. Solar sail technology can respond to the pressure of sunlight, so we can adjust the angle of the mirror appropriately and shine sunlight on the latitude where the sun is needed on the surface of Mars at will.

Now, human beings have synthesized a "super greenhouse gas" that is 10,000 times stronger than carbon dioxide, which is perfluoropropane (C2F2). The soil on the surface of Mars contains carbon and fluorine, so it is convenient to synthesize perfluoropropane artificially on Mars. Therefore, we don't have to stare at carbon dioxide all the time to transform Mars. We only need to build some "greenhouse gas" synthesis plants on Mars, and we can completely transform Mars. Through computer simulation experiments, scientists found that when the concentration of perfluoropropane in the atmosphere of Mars reaches three parts per million, it will trigger an unstoppable chain greenhouse effect, which will make Mars continue to heat up, and eventually make Mars a warm and humid world with a climate like spring and melting ice and snow hundreds of years later. Of course, this powerful weapon must be used with caution, because before we have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of Mars, people can't judge how much perfluoropropane should be discharged into the atmosphere of Mars. If you invest too much, it may make Mars have a high fever and really become a "fire" star. If it is difficult to get close, human beings will be self-defeating A resurgent Mars.

The technological level of 2 1 century can completely change Mars. The new Mars is actually more like the early Mars, warm and humid, with rivers and oceans, but unfortunately there is still no oxygen. Working and living on the new Mars, humans may need breathing equipment. The good news is that we don't need to wear pressure suits. We can increase the concentration of carbon dioxide and raise the atmospheric pressure of Mars to a level that we humans feel comfortable with. With the increase of atmospheric pressure on Mars, humans can begin to build on the surface of Mars. Once the temperature in many areas on Mars is always above 0℃, we can transplant many earth plants to Mars. Species in cold regions, such as pine, fir, birch, oak and cherry, should like the improved Martian environment. The prosperity and expansion of plants will produce a large amount of oxygen, which will allow animals on the earth to migrate there. In the end, humans on Mars will throw away their heavy oxygen tanks and move as freely as they do on Earth.

There is no doubt that as long as the first step of transforming Mars is realized, everything will come naturally and we will get a new earth.